Traditionally regulated sectors, such as energy and telecommunications, have a very strong local roots, which made them at first dominated by the States even if they were developed by companies, because of the link between the State and territory. Furthermore, the market, which is a space defined by the activities and not necessarily by a territory, was superimposed on the overall economic. When observing the phenomena taking place in new territories, for example the euro area, but more what looks like spaces without territoriality, such as the Internet, or finance, geography seems to disappear. The dynamism of operators led by its own strength to the formation of new geographies which owe nothing to the kind or normative power of the States, as in energy infrastructure. However, to date, there have been in a regulatory report with respect to geography or based on geography. Could we diagnose the disappearance of geography or processing thereof such that the regulations themselves must be radically transformed? It is this question which is the subject of this symposium.
FRENCH
Les secteurs régulés traditionnellement, par exemple l’énergie ou les télécommunications, ont un ancrage territorial très fort, ce qui les a rendus à première vue dominés par les Etats même s’ils étaient développés par des entreprises, en raison du lien entre l’Etat et le territoire. En outre, les Etats ont avec l’espace aérien un rapport consubstantiel car le contrôle de l’air par l’Etat assure la sécurité de celui-ci et de la population ; pourtant, l’Etat vend aujourd’hui des fréquences à des opérateurs privés. En outre, à la notion de territoire, le marché, qui est un espace défini par des activités et non plus nécessairement par un territoire, s’est superposé sur l’ensemble du droit économique, bouleversant notamment la notion et le rôle des frontières. Lorsqu’on observe les phénomènes en cours dans de nouveaux territoires, par exemple la zone euro, mais plus encore ce qui semble être des espaces sans territorialité, comme Internet, voire la finance, la géographie semble disparaître. Le dynamisme des opérateurs conduit par sa seule force à la constitution de nouvelles géographies qui ne doivent rien à la nature ni au pouvoir normatif des Etats, comme en matière d’infrastructure énergétique. Or, jusqu’ici, il n’y a eu de régulation que dans un rapport à l’égard d’une géographie ou s’appuyant sur une géographie. Pourrait-on diagnostiquer la disparition de la géographie ou une transformation telle de celle-ci que les régulations elles-mêmes doivent se transformer radicalement ? C’est cette interrogation même qui est l’objet de ce colloque.
SPANICH
Los sectores regularmente regulados, por ejemplo los de energía y telecomunicaciones, poseen un anclaje muy fuerte, por lo que parecen ser a primera vista dominados por el Estado aunque fueron desarrollados por empresas, por el lazo que existe entre el Estado y el territorio. Los Estados tienen una relación substancial en lo que concierne el espacio aéreo, ya que el control del aire por el Estado asegura la seguridad de él mismo y de la población; y por consiguiente, el Estado vende frecuencias a operadores privados. En cuanto a la noción del territorio, el mercado, que es un espacio definido por actividades y no necesariamente por un territorio, se ha superpuesto sobre el conjunto del derecho económico, y ha transformado la noción y el rol de las fronteras. Mientras que uno observa los fenómenos en marcha en diferentes territorios, por ejemplo la euro zona, pero más aún lo que semeja ser espacios sin territorio, como el Internet y la finanza, la geografía parece desaparecer. El dinamismo de los operadores conducidos por su propia fuerza hacia la constitución de nuevas geografías, que no responden ni a la naturaleza ni al poder normativo de los Estados, como en materia de infraestructura energética. Hasta el presente, la regulación se había limitado a la geografía o se había apoyada en ella de una forma u otra. ¿Podríamos diagnosticar la desaparición de la geografía o una transformación tal que las regulaciones mismas también tendrían que transformarse radicalmente? Esta interrogación será el objetivo del coloquio.
ARABIC
القطاعات المنضمة تقليديا مثل الطاقة والاتصالات السلكية، لديها جذور قوية جدا التي جعلتهم تحت سيطرة الدولة في البداية حتى لو تم تطويرها من قبل مع الشركات، وذلك بسبب الارتباط بين الدولة و الإقليم. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، الدول التي لديها مع المجال الجوي تقرير الجوهر لأن سيطرة الدولة عليه يضمن سلامته و سلامة الشعب، ومع ذلك فإن الدولة تبيع ترددات إلى المشغلين القطاع الخاص وعلى ذلك، تم فرضه على مفهوم الأرض، والسوق، الذي هو مساحة محددة من خلال الأنشطة وليس بالضرورة من الأراضي، في القانون الاقتصادي العام ، بما في ذلك فكرة مروعة وحدود الدور. عندما نلاحظ الظواهر التي تحدث في مناطق جديدة، على سبيل المثال في منطقة اليورو، ولكن أكثر ما يشبه الأماكن دون الإقليمية، مثل شبكة الإنترنت، أو التمويل، الجغرافية تبدو أنها تختفي. نشاطية المشغلين تقيد قوة خاصة بها لتشكيل مناطق جغرافية جديدة والتي لديها أي شيء لهذا النوع أو القوة المعيارية للدول، كما هو الحال في البنية التحتية للطاقة. لكن، حتى هناك، كان تقريرا تنظيميا فيما يتعلق بالجغرافية أو على أساس الجغرافية. هل يمكننا تشخيص اختفاء الجغرافية أو تحولها مثل ذلك يجب أن الانضمة تتغير كليا ؟ هذا هو سؤال الموضوع لهذه الندوة.
Like the previous cycles devoted to the general theme of Compliance and aiming to build a "Compliance Law", intended like them to be published in the Regulations & Compliance collection, this cycle addresses a particular aspect of this branch of Law in progress. to develop. "Compliance tools" having been the subject of the previous cycle of conferences and showing judges, lawyers, jurisdictions, this new cycle addresses a new phenomenon in Compliance: La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance (The jurisdictionalisation of Compliance).
There have always been judges and lawyers in Compliance Law, in particular because this is the extension of Regulatory Law in which they have a full place. This results from the fact that the decisions taken in respect of Compliance are contestable in court, those issued by the company, such as those of States or Authorities. The novelty lies more in the phenomenon of "legalization", that is to say that the jurisdictional model penetrates all Compliance Law, and not only the Ex Post part that this includes. Furthermore, it seems that this jurisdictionalization influences the non-legal dimension of Compliance. This movement has effects that must be measured and causes that must be understood. Advantages and disadvantages that must be balanced. If only to form an opinion on this "juridictionalization of Compliance".
📅 Inaugural colloquium: Compliance jurisdictionalisation: why? Who? How? Where? and Toward What?, organized by the JoRC under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche : read more information here
📅 Colloquium of March 31, 2021 : Arbitration and Compliance, co-organized by the JoRC and Paris II University, under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche and Jean-Baptiste Racine : read more information here
📅 Colloquium of June 23, 2021 : The firm instituted as Court by Compliance Law, co-organized by the JoRC and the équipe de recherche Louis Josserand of Lyon 3 University, under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche and Jean-Christophe Roda : read more information here
📅 Colloquium of September 23, 2021 : Which judges for Compliance? , co-organized by the JoRC and the CR2D of Paris-Dauphine University, under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche and Sophie Schiller : read more information here
📅 Colloquium of October 2021 : Compliance Law, crucible between American Procedure Law and Procedure Law, co-organized by the JoRC and the Brussels University, under the scientific direction of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche and Arnaud van Waeyenberge: read more information here
Technical registration modes are specific to each colloquium.
Supervision and regulation authorities' impartiality and independence are conditioned to the fact that their members do not have any conflict of interest with the sector that they supervise or regulate. Such an absence of conflict of interest is necessary to guarantee a climate of trust between the authority and operators. This supposes that regulation and supervision authority members do not cumulate functions of operator and of regulator/supervision during but also after their mandate in the regulation/supervision authority because the anticipation of a future hiring can influence present decisions.
On 2nd of August 2019, the executive director of the European Banking Authority (EBA) informed the authority of its willingness to become PDG of the Association des marchés financiers en Europe, lobby of the financial sector. EBA approved this perspective. However, "Change Finance", a civil coalition, sized the European Mediator explaining that such a professional reorientation created an inevitable conflict of interest. The European Mediator reacted on 7th of May 2020 through a recommendation saying that although EBA took preventive measures, theses measures are not sufficient with regard to the risks. In this recommendation, the European Mediator also made some general propositions to manage future conflicts of interest:
The interdiction for senior managers to have positions able to create a conflict of interest for two years.
The information of senior managers and candidates to senior managers positions of the actual rules.
The implementation of internal procedures blocking access to confidential information to the member who notified its willingness to occupy later a position able to constitute a conflict of interest with its current position.
In a letter of 28th of August 2020, the president of EBA told to the European Mediator that he accepts these remarks and propositions.
In this particular case, we can draw three lessons:
The difficult articulation between independence/impartiality (necessary for trust) and regulator/supervisor expertise. The European Mediator and the ABE are agree that the interdiction to get some positions must be limited in time.
The necessity that everyone can anticipate rules correctly.
Impartiality of the regulator is one of the most important principles of Regulation and Compliance Law. However, this impartiality can be difficult to implement when the regulation object has a strong moral dimension.
In August 2020, various religious associations sized the Conseil National de Régulation de l'Audiovisuel sénégalais (Senegalese audiovisual regulatory authority) to ask the interdiction of broadcasting on television of the film "Les infidèles" telling the story of a married woman with multiple lovers.
First, the regulator distinguishes the sequences likely to be detrimental to cultural and religious identities and shocking sequences or likely to attack the dignity of the person. Then, it asks the deletion of indecent and obscene scenes and of scenes likely to be detrimental to cultural and religious identities, bans the broadcasting of the film in the television before 10.30 pm, asks an update of the trailer and requires the introduction of a pictogram "forbidden to children under 16" during the broadcasting. The CNRA judges itself able to regulate the content of telefilms in order to protect cultural identities with regards to the law of 4th of January setting its mission.
In 2012, a similar controversy surrounded, in France, the broadcasting of a different film with the same name. However, the purpose and the context were very different because the film was broadcasted at cinema, because it presented adultery men, because it was comic, because the competent regulator was not an administrative body but a professional body and because the broadcasting country was not the same. Here, only the poster was modified.
Thus, an impartial regulation must however taking into consideration "local cultural identities".
