►Référence complète : Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Institut de Recherche Juridique de la Sorbonne (André Tunc - IRJS), Durabilité de l’Internet : le rôle des opérateurs du système des noms de domaine. Compliance et Régulation de l’espace numérique (Sustainability of the Internet: the role of the operators of the domain name system. Compliance and regulation of the digital space), Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne University, 21 February 2025
____
____
► The symposium is organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and the Institut de Recherche Juridique de la Sorbonne (André Tunc - IRJS) of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University.
►Presentation ot the theme: The digital space has been built on and as a system. Its primary interest is of a negative nature: it consists of to be preserved against the prospect of systemic failure, of not collapsing. Like all other systems, this 'Monumental Goal' specific to the digital system justifies resources that incorporate this concern for the future. As with all systems, it integrates and relies on the specific technical nature of this system.
The digital space is largely based on the invention, technology and architecture of domain names. Domain names, as an addressing system, enable users to enter the digital space and find other Internet users. The uniqueness and solidity of the domain name system, entrusted to a single root and decentralisation, makes this community possible for those who use the digital space and ensures the technical durability required, without which the digital space would be compromised.
The architecture, operation, operators and what they do under the control of legislators, regulators, judges and legal subjects are therefore examined from a dual technical and legal perspective, in the light of the imperative of sustainability.
This allows to progress in 4 stages.
Firstly, to examine the permanence in time and space of the domain name system, insofar as it is the foundation of the Internet and the digital system. This technical construction gives rise to legal qualifications, not only for the present but also for the future, since the Web3 offers new technical solutions.
Secondly, this technical sustainability is an imperative that is built into the operators of the domain names themselves, which are inter-linked not only at national level but also at global level, this cross-linking being necessary for the security of the system. The State is present through public law techniques that enable surveillance, control and possible recovery.
Thirdly, it imposes constraints on the operators subject to them in order to serve this monumental goal of technical sustainability, and these constraints themselves generate as many powers as they need to usefully achieve this mission. This proportionality must be at the heart of the method and the requirements. The relationship between constraints and powers also stems from it.
Fourthly, this imperative of technical sustainability, which is global in nature, gives way to imperatives of societal sustainability, more localised in space and time, when domain name operators are called upon by the legitimate authors of binding standards, legislators in the first instance, to express concerns such as the protection of people involved in the digital space and whose rights are compromised or who are in danger.
This second type of sustainability, which is more localised and less inherent in the architecture of the Internet, is justified by the available power of the operators concerned and their adherence to social imperatives. The resulting constraints and powers are therefore not the same.
The 2 sustainabilities must then be articulated in a conception that is both teleological and pragmatic.
On the 16 september 2011, the German Land of Schleswig-Holstein is the first in Germany to implement a law on online gambling, which appears to be one of the most modern and liberal in Europe.
FRENCH
Le 16 septembre2011,le land allemand deSchleswig-Holsteinest lepremier en Allemagne àappliquer une loi surles jeux en ligne, qui semble êtrel’une des plusmoderneset des plus libéralesen Europe.
SPANISH
Informe Temático (el Juego): El Land of Schleswig-Holstein alemán implementa una nueva ley sobre el juego en la red.
El 16 de septiembre del 2011, el Land of Schleswig-Holstein alemán es el primero en Alemania de implementar una ley sobre el juego en la red, lo cual aparenta ser una de los más modernos y liberales en Europa.
The European Commission adopted the Decision setting up a Financial Services User Group on 20 July 2010 (2010/C 199/02) to ensure proportionate user representation and expertise at all stages of the development of its policy on financial services.
FRENCH
Fiche thématique (finance) : La Commission européenne établit un groupe des utilisateurs des services financiers afin de faire une plus grande place aux opinions des utilisateurs dans le processus décisionnel européen
La Commission européenne a adopté la décision établissant un groupe des utilisateurs des services financiers le 20 juillet 2010 (2010/C 199/02) afin d'assurer une représentation proportionnelle des usagers et de profiter de leur point de vue à chaque stade du développement de sa politique envers les services financiers.
GERMAN
Thematischer Bericht (Finanz): Die Europäische Kommission hat eine neue Gruppe für Nutzer von Finanzdienstleistungen (FSUG) eingesetzt, um die Vertretung der Nutzer im EU politischen Entscheidungsführungsprozess sicherzustellen.
Die Europäische Kommission hat in einer Beschluss vom 20. Juli 2010 (2010/C199/02) die Einsetzeung einer Nutzergruppe "Finanzdienstleistungen" angenommen. Diese Gruppe soll einer angemessenen Vertretung der Nutzer in allen Phasen der Ausarbeitung der Politik der Kommission im Bereich Finanzdienstleistungen gewährleisten.
ITALIAN
Finanza: La Commissione europea ha approvato un Gruppo per gli utenti dei servizi finanziari per rafforzare la loro voce in capitolo nel processo decisionale dell’Unione europea.
Il 20 luglio 2010 la Commissione europea ha adottato la decisione (2010/C 199/02) che prevede un Gruppo per gli utenti dei servizi finanziari al fine di assicurare una rappresentazione degli stessi e considerazione della loro competenza in ogni stadio dello sviluppo della sua politica in materia di servizi finanziari.
The Biennial Conference of the European Consortium on Political Research Standing Group on Regulatory Governance is the leading interdisciplinary conference on regulation and regulatory governance held in Europe. For the third time, it attracted many papers from all over the globe and from disciplines including political science, law, accounting, business, sociology, economics, international relations, anthropology, public administration and other cognate disciplines.
FRENCH
Rapport bibliographique (Symposium): la troisième conférence biennale du Comité permanent sur la régulation du Consortium européen de la recherche en sciences sociales, University College de Dublin, 17-19 juin 2010.
La conférence biennale de l'European Consortium on Political Research's (ECPR) Standing Group on Regulation (le Comité Permanent sur la Régulation du Consortium européen de la recherche en sciences politiques) est la conférence interdisciplinaire la plus importante en Europe en matière de régulation. Pour une troisième fois, cette conférence a attiré beaucoup de contributions du monde entier, et issues de disciplines variées comme les sciences politiques, le droit, la comptabilité, la gestion, la sociologie, l’économie, les relations internationales, l’anthropologie, l’administration publique, et d’autres disciplines annexes.
GERMAN
Bibliographischer Bericht (Symposium): die dritte Zweijährige Konferenz der Beständige Gruppe über Regulierung der europäischen Konsortium um Forschung in der Politikwissenschaft, University College von Dublin, 17-19. Juni 2010.
die dritte Zweijährige Konferenz der European Consortium on Political Research's (ECPR) Standing Group on Regulation (die Beständige Gruppe über Regulierung der europäischen Konsortium um Forschung in der Politikwissenschaft) ist die wichtigste interdiziplinäre Konferenz Europas im Bereich Regulierung. Zum dritten Mal hat sie Beiträge aus dem ganzen Welt angezogen, die aus verschiedenen Fächer entstanden: Politikwissenschaft, Jura, Rechnungslegung, Betriebswirtschaft, Soziologie, Wirtschaft, Internationale Beziehungen, Anthropologie, Öffentliche Verwaltung, und andere Fächer.
ITALIAN
Relazione bibliografica (Convegno): Terzo convegno biennale del Gruppo permanente sulla regolazione dell’European Consortium of Political Research (ECPR). Università di Dublino, 17-19 giugno 2010.
La conferenza biennale del Gruppo permanente sulla regolazione dell’European Consortium of Political Research è uno dei più importanti convegni europei interdisciplinari sulla regolazione economica e sulla governance in materia di regolazione. Per la terza volta, raccoglie degli studi, scritti da autori di tutto il mondo, in diverse discipline tra cui scienze politiche, diritto, contabilità, business, sociologia, economia, relazioni internazionali, antropologia, diritto amministrativo e altre discipline cognitive.
SPANISH
Informe bibliográfico (Simposio): La tercera conferencia bienal del el Comité Permanente sobre la Regulación del Consorcio europeo de investigación en ciencias políticas. Universidad de Dublín, 17-19 de junio del 2010.
La conferencia bienal del Standing Group of Regulation (el Comité Permanente sobre la Regulación del Consorcio europeo de investigación en ciencias políticas) del European Consortium of Political Research (ECPR) es la conferencia interdisciplinaria más importante en Europa en materia de la regulación. Por una tercera vez, esta conferencia atrae muchas contribuciones del mundo entero y de disciplinas variadas incluyendo la ciencia política, el derecho, la contabilidad, los negocios, la sociología, la economía, las relaciones internacionales, la antropología, la administración pública y otras disciplinas cognadas.
两年一度的European Consortium on Political Research's (ECPR) Standing Group on Regulation（欧洲政治研究学会常务管理委员会）会议是欧洲监管领域中最重要的跨学科会议。此次第三次会议吸引了来自世界范围内多个学科的协助，其中包括法学，会计学，管理学，社会学，经济学，国际关系学，人类学，公共行政学以及其他从属学科。
PORTUGUESE
Informe bibliográfico (Simpósio): A terceira conferência bienal do Comitê permanente sobre a regulação do Consórcio Europeu de Pesquisas Políticas, University College de Dublin, 17-19 de junho de 2010.
A conferência bienal do European Consortium on Political Research's (ECPR) Standing Group on Regulation (Comitê permanente sobre a regulação do Consórcio Europeu de Pesquisas Políticas) é a conferência interdisciplinar mais importante na Europa em matéria de regulação. Pela terceira vez, esta conferência reuniu diversas contribuições vindas do mundo inteiro e ligadas a disciplinas variadas como ciências políticas, direito, contabilidade, gestão, sociologia, economia, relações internacionais, antropologia, administração pública e outras disciplinas conexas.
In response to the scandal of the drug called the" Médiator", politics, believing that the regulatory authority of medicinal product had not correctly done his job, responded by an act on December, 29 2011 providing the replacement of Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé (Afssaps-) (French Agency for the Safety of Health Product) by The Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament (ANSM) (National Agency for safety of medicinal product). The implementing decree organising the regulatory authority was released on April 29, 2012, that allowing the effective implementation of the new authority on the scheduled date: 1 may 2012. There is continuity between the two authorities: it is the same Professor of medicine who is the executive chairman, who was appointed at the head of the Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé (Afssaps-) (French Agency for the Safety of Health Product) following the case of the" Médiator", and became the executive chairman of the (National Agency for safety of medicinal product). But the new authority must strengthen its own expertise; this allows therefore an increased autonomy to avoid capture by asymmetry of information for the benefit of pharmaceutical laboratories. The new Act also wants to avoid the links of interests, which lead to the same result of ineffectiveness of the control, and with a focus on transparency as an operating principle.
Through a decree of 31st of August 2020, the government created a national service, the "Pôle d'expertise de la régulation numérique" (digital regulation expertise pole). It has to furnish to State services a technical expertise in computer science, data science and algorithm processes in order to assist them in their role of control, investigation and study. The aim is to favor information sharing between researchers and State services in charge of regulating digital space.
As its acronym indicates, this pole of expertise aims to represents constance in a changing world. Moreover, more than being a national service, this organism must adopt a transversal dimension, its creation decree being signed by the Prime Minister, Minister of Economy, Minister of Culture and Minister of Digital Transition. The creation of such a pole shows the awareness of the government of the importance of technical competency in the regulation of digital space and of the necessity to centralize these expertises in one organ.
However, as the decree indicates, this pole of expertise could be consulted only by "State services", that excludes regulators which are independent from the State and which could put the pole in conflict of interest, and courts even if they are supposed to play a central role in the regulation of digital space and even if they are allowed to ask the advice of the regulator about some cases. But if regulators cannot size the pole, to whom does it benefit except the legislator and a few officials?
It would therefore have been better for this pole of expertise to be placed under the direction of regulatory and supervisory bodies, which would have enabled it to be able to be consulted both by regulators and by judges, both of whom are key players in digital regulation.
Article: Neutralization in economically regulated industries using procedural law techniques
In itself, regulation does not necessary require judicial review of regulators’ acts, whether the regulator is a ministry or an independent authority. In short, regulators could have the “last word” in all circumstances. However, because of an equal concern for democratic legitimacy and care to respect its international commitments, the French Parliament is convinced that judicial review over regulators’ actions is necessary.
Article : La neutralisation dans les secteurs économiques régulés par les techniques procédurales
En soi, la régulation n’appelle pas nécessairement un contrôle juridictionnel du régulateur, qu’il soit une administration ou une autorité indépendante. Ce régulateur, sommes toutes, pourrait avoir en toutes circonstances « le dernier mot ». Pourtant, moitié par conviction démocratique, moitié par prudence en raison de ses engagements internationaux, le législateur français s’est convaincu qu’un tel contrôle était indispensable.
Artículo: Neutralización en industrias económicamente reguladas usando técnicas del derecho procesal.
En sí mismo, la regulación no requiere de revisión judicial de las acciones del regulador, ya sea que el regulador es un ministerio o una autoridad independiente. Para resumir, los reguladores podrían tener la “última palabra” en todas las circunstancias. No obstante, una preocupación por la legitimidad democrática y deseo de respetar sus compromisos internacionales, el Parlamente francés está convencido que una revisión judicial sobre las acciones de los reguladores es necesaria.
On June 19, 2012, the European Parliament adopted an extensively modified version of the draft text prepared by the European Commission on credit rating agencies. It does not address the issue of the concentration of the rating market, believing that this is a matter of competition and not of regulation. It reduces the scope of the rotation rule in three years and only for structured products. It requires agencies to issue a schedule of two or three dates in the year where they can change their sovereign debt notes. Next to these devices of ex ante regulation, Parliament adopts an ex post system, civil liability of agencies, in which it will be for them to demonstrate to investors that they have complied with the rules in force.
The contract is the main natural and legal instrument of the competitive market. It seems foreign to the regulatory system which, close to the "regulation" (texts) seems more express itself in administrative unilateral acts.
But this division is fading because the contract is an effective tool because it makes gained acceptance recipient of the norm, becoming the preferred instrument of public policy. The Regulator will use it the more so as on the one hand by the contract operators bring him information and on the other hand, operators have the power to disobey him. That is why the contract is a major figure in the Regulatory system.
The self-regulation mechanism goes further, since the Regulatory system itself is built on contractual commitments, exempting exogenous rules and regulator.
After an assessment critical rating agencies, on their role in the crisis, on the concentrated nature of the market of the notation, the report published on 18 June 2012 by the French Senate proposes a series of action to "detoxify" the system. It indicates with the same voluntarism that there is no fatality, it proposes that central banks resumed their role more firmly, that the States publish a call for tenders to encourage the emergence of a new European private actor to which the methodology will be imposed, we diversified the notes, we disciplined " ex-post" agencies by the game of responsibility, that we loosened the power of the agencies on the democratic entities, including States, that can prevent conflicts of interest.
