Impartiality of the regulator is one of the most important principles of Regulation and Compliance Law. However, this impartiality can be difficult to implement when the regulation object has a strong moral dimension.
In August 2020, various religious associations sized the Conseil National de Régulation de l'Audiovisuel sénégalais (Senegalese audiovisual regulatory authority) to ask the interdiction of broadcasting on television of the film "Les infidèles" telling the story of a married woman with multiple lovers.
First, the regulator distinguishes the sequences likely to be detrimental to cultural and religious identities and shocking sequences or likely to attack the dignity of the person. Then, it asks the deletion of indecent and obscene scenes and of scenes likely to be detrimental to cultural and religious identities, bans the broadcasting of the film in the television before 10.30 pm, asks an update of the trailer and requires the introduction of a pictogram "forbidden to children under 16" during the broadcasting. The CNRA judges itself able to regulate the content of telefilms in order to protect cultural identities with regards to the law of 4th of January setting its mission.
In 2012, a similar controversy surrounded, in France, the broadcasting of a different film with the same name. However, the purpose and the context were very different because the film was broadcasted at cinema, because it presented adultery men, because it was comic, because the competent regulator was not an administrative body but a professional body and because the broadcasting country was not the same. Here, only the poster was modified.
Thus, an impartial regulation must however taking into consideration "local cultural identities".
Each year, the Autorité des marchés financiers (French financial markets regulator), the European Central Bank and the Agence française anti-corruption (French anti-corruption agency) publish risk maps. At first glance, risk maps established by the regulator aim to both help regulator and the regulated company to face risks by anticipating them. These documents would only be an assistance brought to firms in their Compliance mission and not an injunction from the regulator to take into account the risks that it emphasizes.
However, Law forces firms to do their own risk maps under penalty of sanctions. Since the regulator has previously published its own risk map, can companies, obliged to write theirs, deviate from it? If the firm follows the map published by the regulator, can it protect itself against this if it is accused of not having fulfilled its compliance obligations? On the contrary, if the operator does not follow regulator's risk map, can this be blamed on it? Formally, regulator's risk maps do not come with an injunction to take it into account but, as everyone knows, any recommendation from a regulator or supervisor must be taken into account.
The legal solution could here be the implementation of a system of "comply or explain" which would mean that if the firm decides to no follow the risk map established by the regulator, it must be able to justify its choice.
Like every year since the adoption of the Dodd-Frank Act, the Securities and Exchanges Commission (SEC) and especially its Office of the Whistleblowers (OWB) handed to the Congress of the United-States a report about the success of its program concerning whistleblowers, especially estimated with the amount of financial rewards granted to them during the year. This report especially presents the amount granted to whistleblowers, the quality of the collected information and the efficacy of SEC's whistleblowers' protection process.
If Americans condition the effectiveness of whistleblowing to the remuneration of whistleblowers, Europeans oppose the "ethical whistleblower" who shares information for the love of Law to the "bounty hunter" uniquely motivated by financial reward and favor the former to the later, as it is proven in the French Law Sapin II of 2016 (which do not propose financial reward to whistleblowers) or the British Public Interest Disclosure of 1998 (which just propose a financial compensation of the whistleblower's losses linked to whistleblowing).
However, American and European conceptions are not so far from each other. As United-States, Europe has a real care for legal effectivity, even if, because of their different legal traditions, Americans favor effectivity of rights while European favor effectivity of Law. If it places effectivity at the center of its preoccupations, Europe should conceive with less aversion the possibility to financially incite whistleblowers. Moreover, United-States and Europe share the same common willingness to protect whistleblowers and if rewarding would enable a better protection, then Europe should not reject it, as shows the recent declarations of the French Defenders of Rights. It is not excluded that both systems converges in a close future.
The world production of oil is largely coordinated by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and especially by its Joint Ministerial Monitoring Committee (JMMC). On 15th of July 2020, this Committee decides to reduce the world production of oil in order to maintain a certain price stability in a context of restricted demand because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
However, such a stability can be maintained only if each member respects this decision and effectively reduce its production level. This meeting of 15th of July also aimed to get member's conformity. In order to get this conformity, the JMMC declared that it will use "name and shame", shaming countries which do not respect the Committee's declaration and naming those which respect it. A second meeting, on 19th of August 2020, reminded to non-compliant countries their obligation and urged them to comply before the 28th of August.
We can observe two things:
The term used by the Committee is "conformity" and not "compliance", which implies less adherence to "monumental goals than the mechanical respect of formal rules.
In an self-regulation system where there is not supposed to be a need for "conformity", the need for it is a clue that this self-regulation is malfunctioning.
Complete reference: KOVAR, Jean-Philippe and LASERRE CAPDEVILLE, Jérôme, Droit de la régulation bancaire (Banking regulatory Law), preface by Christian Noyer, RB Éditions, 333 p.
The Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation, et de la repression des fraudes (DGCCRF – The French Directorate General for Competition, Consumer Affairs, and Repression of Fraud) organized a Competition Workshop on the theme “Transportation and Competition” that took place at the Ministry of Economics, Finance, and Industry, in Paris, on December 16, 2010. These workshops, which are half-day conferences on a given theme, have been organized by the DGCCRF multiple times a year on various themes since 1994. This event was chaired by Anne Wachsmann, a lawyer at Linklaters, and Christophe Lemaire, a teaching assistant at the Law School of the Sorbonne, and a lawyer at Ashurst.
FRENCH
Fiche bibliographique (transports) : La Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation, et de la répression des fraudes a organisé un Atelier de la Concurrence sur le thème "Transports et Concurrence"
La Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation, et de la répression des fraudes a organisé un Atelier de la Concurrence sur le thème "Transports et Concurrence" qui a eu lieu au Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie à Paris, le 16 décembre 2010. Ces ateliers, qui sont des colloques d'une demie-journée sur un thème donné, sont organisés par la DGCCRF plusieurs fois par an depuis 1994. Cet atelier a été présidé par Maître Anne Wachsmann, avocat chez Linklaters, Paris, et Maître Christophe Lemaire, maître de conférences à l'Ecole de Droit de la Sorbonne et avocat chez Ashurst, Paris.
GERMAN
Die Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation, et de la repression des fraudes (DGCCRF – die französische Hauptleitung für Wettbewerb, Konsumierung und Betrugsahndung) hat ein Wettbewerbsarbeitstreffen um dem Thema « Verkehr und Wettbewerb » organisiert. Er fand statt im Gebäude des Minsisteriums für Wirtschaft, Finanz und Industrie in Paris am 16. Dezember 2010. Solche Arbeitstage, die eigentlich ein halbes Tag lang dauern, wurden seit 1994 bei der DGCCRF mehrmals im Jahr organisiert. Diese Konferenz wurde von Anne Wachsmann, Rechtsanwältin für Linklaters, und Christophe Lemaire, wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter an der Sorbonner Rechtsschule, und Rechstanwalt für Ashurst, geleitet.
SPANISH
La Directiva general francesa para la competencia, asuntos del consumidor y la represión del fraude organiza un Taller de Competencia sobre el tema de “Transporte y Competencia.”
La Direction générale de la concurrance, de la consommation, et de la repression des fraudes (DGCCRF - Directiva general francesa para la competencia, asuntos del consumidor y la represión del fraude) organizó unTaller de Competencia sobre “Transporte y Competencia” que se llevó a cabo en el Ministerio de Economía, Finanza e Industria en Paris el 16 de diciembre del 2010. Estos talleres, que son de una duración de medio día, han sido organizados por el DGCCRF en múltiples ocasiones a lo largo del año sobre varios temas desde 1994. Este evento fue dirigido por Anne Wachsmann, una abogada de Linklaters, Cristophe Lemaire, un profesor asistente en la Universidad Sorbonne, y un abogado proveniente de Ashurst.
ITALIAN
Relazione bibliografica (Convegno): La Direzione generale in materia di concorrenza, diritto del consumo e repressione delle frodi organizza un convegno sul tema “Trasporto e Concorrenza”
Il 16 dicembre 2010 la Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation, et de la repression des fraudes (la DGCCRF – la Direzione generale in materia di concorrenza, diritto del consumo e repressione delle frodi) h organizzato un convegno sul tema “Trasporti e Concorrenza”, tenutosi presso il Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze a Parigi. Questi convegni, delle mezze giornate di conferenza su un tema predeterminato, sono stati organizzati diverse volte l’anno dalla DGCCRF su diversi temi sin dal 1994. Questo convegno era presieduto da Anne Wachsmann, avvocato presso lo studio Linklaters, e Christophe Lemaire, professore dell’Ecole de Droit della Sorbona, e da un avvocato di Ashurst.
CHINESE
书目报告（专题论丛）：Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation, et de la répression des fraudes（DGCCRF-法国竞争、消费暨打击欺诈商业行为总署）举办了一期以“运输与竞争”为主题的研讨会
Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation, et de la répression des fraudes（DGCCRF-法国竞争、消费暨打击欺诈商业行为总署）于2010年12月16日在经济、财政和工业部举办了一期以“运输与竞争”为主题的研讨会。自1994年起，针对与其类似的单项议题的半日制研讨会已由DGCCRF举办多次 。此次研讨会由巴黎Linklaters 律师事务所律师Maître Anne Wachsmann以 及巴黎一大法学院讲师、巴黎Ashurst 律师事务所律师Christophe Lemaire主持。
The Biennial Conference of the European Consortium on Political Research Standing Group on Regulatory Governance is the leading interdisciplinary conference on regulation and regulatory governance held in Europe. For the third time, it attracted many papers from all over the globe and from disciplines including political science, law, accounting, business, sociology, economics, international relations, anthropology, public administration and other cognate disciplines.
FRENCH
Rapport bibliographique (Symposium): la troisième conférence biennale du Comité permanent sur la régulation du Consortium européen de la recherche en sciences sociales, University College de Dublin, 17-19 juin 2010.
La conférence biennale de l'European Consortium on Political Research's (ECPR) Standing Group on Regulation (le Comité Permanent sur la Régulation du Consortium européen de la recherche en sciences politiques) est la conférence interdisciplinaire la plus importante en Europe en matière de régulation. Pour une troisième fois, cette conférence a attiré beaucoup de contributions du monde entier, et issues de disciplines variées comme les sciences politiques, le droit, la comptabilité, la gestion, la sociologie, l’économie, les relations internationales, l’anthropologie, l’administration publique, et d’autres disciplines annexes.
GERMAN
Bibliographischer Bericht (Symposium): die dritte Zweijährige Konferenz der Beständige Gruppe über Regulierung der europäischen Konsortium um Forschung in der Politikwissenschaft, University College von Dublin, 17-19. Juni 2010.
die dritte Zweijährige Konferenz der European Consortium on Political Research's (ECPR) Standing Group on Regulation (die Beständige Gruppe über Regulierung der europäischen Konsortium um Forschung in der Politikwissenschaft) ist die wichtigste interdiziplinäre Konferenz Europas im Bereich Regulierung. Zum dritten Mal hat sie Beiträge aus dem ganzen Welt angezogen, die aus verschiedenen Fächer entstanden: Politikwissenschaft, Jura, Rechnungslegung, Betriebswirtschaft, Soziologie, Wirtschaft, Internationale Beziehungen, Anthropologie, Öffentliche Verwaltung, und andere Fächer.
ITALIAN
Relazione bibliografica (Convegno): Terzo convegno biennale del Gruppo permanente sulla regolazione dell’European Consortium of Political Research (ECPR). Università di Dublino, 17-19 giugno 2010.
La conferenza biennale del Gruppo permanente sulla regolazione dell’European Consortium of Political Research è uno dei più importanti convegni europei interdisciplinari sulla regolazione economica e sulla governance in materia di regolazione. Per la terza volta, raccoglie degli studi, scritti da autori di tutto il mondo, in diverse discipline tra cui scienze politiche, diritto, contabilità, business, sociologia, economia, relazioni internazionali, antropologia, diritto amministrativo e altre discipline cognitive.
SPANISH
Informe bibliográfico (Simposio): La tercera conferencia bienal del el Comité Permanente sobre la Regulación del Consorcio europeo de investigación en ciencias políticas. Universidad de Dublín, 17-19 de junio del 2010.
La conferencia bienal del Standing Group of Regulation (el Comité Permanente sobre la Regulación del Consorcio europeo de investigación en ciencias políticas) del European Consortium of Political Research (ECPR) es la conferencia interdisciplinaria más importante en Europa en materia de la regulación. Por una tercera vez, esta conferencia atrae muchas contribuciones del mundo entero y de disciplinas variadas incluyendo la ciencia política, el derecho, la contabilidad, los negocios, la sociología, la economía, las relaciones internacionales, la antropología, la administración pública y otras disciplinas cognadas.
两年一度的European Consortium on Political Research's (ECPR) Standing Group on Regulation（欧洲政治研究学会常务管理委员会）会议是欧洲监管领域中最重要的跨学科会议。此次第三次会议吸引了来自世界范围内多个学科的协助，其中包括法学，会计学，管理学，社会学，经济学，国际关系学，人类学，公共行政学以及其他从属学科。
PORTUGUESE
Informe bibliográfico (Simpósio): A terceira conferência bienal do Comitê permanente sobre a regulação do Consórcio Europeu de Pesquisas Políticas, University College de Dublin, 17-19 de junho de 2010.
A conferência bienal do European Consortium on Political Research's (ECPR) Standing Group on Regulation (Comitê permanente sobre a regulação do Consórcio Europeu de Pesquisas Políticas) é a conferência interdisciplinar mais importante na Europa em matéria de regulação. Pela terceira vez, esta conferência reuniu diversas contribuições vindas do mundo inteiro e ligadas a disciplinas variadas como ciências políticas, direito, contabilidade, gestão, sociologia, economia, relações internacionais, antropologia, administração pública e outras disciplinas conexas.
Online gambling is becoming a worldwide phenomenon. Whether it be card games, lotteries, or betting on sports games and races, more and more customers flock towards websites that operate games of chance online, often without any sort of government control or supervision. Customers are attracted to the facility and privacy of these services, and especially the higher rate of return on their outlay than provided in physical casinos or betting services. However, physical gambling and betting are amongst the most universally regulated sectors: cultural and public policy differences play a very significant role in explaining the differences in regulation found in this sector.
FRENCH
Article: Une analyse comparative de la régulation des jeux en ligne
Jouer en ligne est désormais un phénomène mondial. Qu'il s'agisse des jeux de cartes, des loteries, ou des paris sportifs et hippiques, de plus en plus de clients affluent vers des sites Internet qui organisent des jeux de chance et de hasard sur Internet, souvent sans aucune forme de supervision ou de contrôle étatique. Les clients sont attirés par la facilité et la confidentialité de tels services, et surtout le taux de retour plus élevé sur leurs mises que dans un casino ou service de pari physique. Cependant, les jeux d'argent physiques sont parmi les secteurs les plus régulés: les différences culturelles et d'ordre public jouent un rôle important dans l'explication des différences dans la régulation de ce secteur.
GERMAN
Artikel: Vergleichende Analyse der Regulierung von Online-Wetten
Online-Wetten sind dabei eine weltweites Phänomen zu werden. Ob Kartenspiele, Lotterien oder Sportwetten: mehr und mehr Kunden strömen auf die Seiten von Online-Wettmachern, die ihr Geschäft oft ohne jegliche staatliche Kontrolle oder Aufsicht betreiben. Gelockt werden die Kunden durch die Vertraulichkeit und Mühelosigkeit der Online-Spiele, aber auch durch die höheren Returns auf ihren Einsatz im Vergleich zu traditionellen Casinos. Allerdings gehören Glücksspiele und Casinos zu den weltweit am stärksten regulierten Sektoren: kulturelle und politische Unterschiede spielen jedoch eine große Rolle bei der Erklärung der Unterschiede in der Regulierung in diesem Bereich.
POLISH
Artykuł: Analiza porównawcza regulacji gier na Internecie.
Grać na Internecie stało się światowym fenomenem. Czy chodzi o gry w karty, loterie lub o stawienie pieniędzy na zakłady sportowe lub wyścigi hippiczne, coraz więcej konsumentów przybywa na strony internetowe firm, które oferują gry hazardowe, często bez jakiejkolwiek formy nadzoru czy kontroli państwowej. Klientów przyciąga łatwość i poufność usług, a szczególnie wyższa stawka procentowa niż ta proponowana w klasycznym kasynie lub firmach przyjmujących zakłady na gry hazardowe. Pomimo, że gry na pieniądze należą do sektorów ekonomicznych najbardziej uregulowanych, odmiennosci kulturowe, jak również różnice w polityce porządku publicznego, odgrywają ważną rolę w wyjaśnianiu różnic związanych z regulacją tego sektoru gospodarki.
SPANISH
Un análisis comparativo sobre la regulación del juego en el Internet
El juego en el Internet se ha vuelto un fenómeno mundial. Ya sean juegos de cartas, loterías, o apuestas sobre partidos deportivos y carreras, es más y más la cantidad de consumidores que se dirigen hacia sitios web que operan, frecuentemente sin control o supervisión del gobierno, los juegos sobre el Internet. La facilidad y privacidad que ofrecen estos servicios atraen a muchos consumidores, especialmente considerando la gran tasa de rendimiento que reciben aquí en comparación con los casinos físicos o los servicios de apuestas. No obstante, los juegos físicos y las apuestas se encuentran entre los sectores con la mayor cantidad de regulación a nivel mundial: diferencias de culturas y políticas públicas juegan un papel muy importante para explicar las diferencias entre la regulación existente en este sector.
