Initially the Regulation assumes the consideration of technical objects (telephone, airplane, train, wheat, currency, electricity, etc.). This practical perspective opposes the abstract view of competition law that neutralizes objects by their monetary evaluation and the elaboration of a "fair price" obtained by the meeting of supply and demand in a market.Thus, each technical object has developed specific regulation as in a cottage garden: banking regulation, financial regulation, railway regulation, telecommunications regulation, power regulation, gaming regulation, horse races regulation, and so on. The body of rules and institutions were built, unique to each object, more effective than the behemoth that is the State in charge of all these so different objects and pursuing so many objectives that it was criticized for its inefficiency.
But different technical objects are not isolated from each other. As financial products have long taken the other items as "underlying". More Internet has introduced a novelty that could be radical.
Indeed, the Internet allows a circulation seems unhindered benefits that fall most often regulated sectors (financial services, health service, audiovisual services, etc.). Moreover, new objects appear, the "connected objects" whose creation is based on the Internet's ability to set effective relationship hitherto separate sectors, eg telecommunication and health services (the "connected health ).
Therefore, the Internet, which is often presented as a regulatory desert, appears as a jumble of different regulations, which contradict or are deformed by passing in the virtual world and crossing or even clashing with other regulation. So Internet would appear at first glance as a "space of interregulation".
The conference of 16 September 2015 dedicates its morning to draw up a diagnostic for measuring the "needs" of the Internet interregulation, so that the afternoon will allow to develop some "solutions" to interregulation. On this occasion, we can measure whether it will adapt traditional regulations because of new technologies and new uses, or more radically rethink sectoral regulations and regulatory law because Internet
Corporate officers that had provided financial markets with false information, as well as their auditors, were under investigation by the Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF—French financial markets authority) for failure to provide information. On March 31, 2011, the AMF’s Enforcement Commission punished the corporate officers, but decided to innocent the auditors, on the grounds that they had obeyed professional standards.
FRENCH
Lorsque les dirigeants d’une société cotée ont manqué à leur obligation d’informer le marché, l’auditeur, quant à lui, est selon le régulateur exempt de responsabilité, dès l’instant qu’il a respecté les normes professionnelles
SPANISH
Informe Temático (Finanza): Según el AMF, auditores no son responsables cuando una compañía falla en su obligación a proveer el mercado con información, siempre y cuando hayan obedecido los estándares profesionales.
Tanto los oficiales corporativos que habían proveído a los mercados financieros con información falsa, como sus auditores, estuvieron bajo investigación del Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF – la Autoridad francesa de mercados financieros) por no haber proveído información. El 31 de marzo del 2011, el AMF castigó a los oficiales corporativos, pero declaró inocentes a los auditores, atestando que ellos habían obedecido los estándares profesionales.
Madame Christine Lagarde, the French Finance Minister, gives a speech at the inauguration of the Autorité de contrôle prudentiel (ACP – Prudential Control Authority), implemented by the Ordinance of 21 January 2010, in which she explains the philosophy behind the ACP’s activities. Stability and solidity of the international financial system and consumer protection are the ACP’s main responsabilities.
The translated summaries are done by the Editors and not by the Authors.
ENGLISH
The European Commission’s initiatives towards a Single Market in energy, transport and electronic communications should aim to further regulatory transparency and not market homogenisation. The article provides a quantitative and qualitative assessment of indiscriminating homogenisation of the mobile telecommunications market. The potential impacts on market power and the loss of consumer welfare are by no means negligible and imply important policy considerations
FRENCH
Les initiatives de laCommission européenneen vue d’unmarché unique des communicationsde l’énergie,de transportet électroniquesdevraient viser àune plus grande transparenceréglementaireet non pas à l’homogénéisationdu marché.Le présent articlefournit une évaluation quantitativeet qualitative de l’homogénéisationinconsidérée du marché des télécommunicationsmobiles.Lesimpacts potentiels surle pouvoir de marchéet la perte debien-êtredes consommateursne sont nullementnégligeableset impliquentdes considérationspolitiques importantes.
The new Autorité de Régulation des Activités ferroviaires (ARAF- Railway Activities Regulatory Authority) has been implemented.
GERMAN
Das Gesetz vom 8. Dezember 2009 führt die rechtlichen Rahmenvorschriften der Eisenbahnregulierung ein. Die neue „Autorité de Régulation des Activités Ferroviaires“ (ARAF – Einsenbahnregulierungsbehörde) ist eingesetzt worden.
SPANISH
La ley del 8 de diciembre del 2009 organiza la regulación del transporte ferroviario y establece la nueva Autoridad de regulación.
La nueva “Autorité de Régulation des Activités ferroviaires” (la Autoridad de regulación de las actividades ferroviarias) ha sido implementada.
In its thesis, the author shows the legal side of the opening to competition in the telecommunications, postal services and energy sectors. The analysis is conducted at European level and not at national States level. The author not only highlights the decisive role of the European Commission, which obtained the consent of the national bodies through co-regulation, but the book highlights a distinct European institutional dynamics. This takes the form of European sectoral agencies, which could become in the future regulators. Strengthening European can in the future, according to the author, take the form either of a even stronger involvement of the European Commission, or a consecration of these European sectoral agencies emerging.
The cycle of conferences Les outils de la Compliance(The Compliance tools) began in November 2019 and runs until June 2020. It is organized by The Journal of Regulation & Compliance and all of its partner universities. It includes a conference more particularly devoted to the theme of "La prégnance géographique dans le choix et l'usage des outils de la Compliance" ("Geographic significance in the choice and use of Compliance tools").
Compliance is a global phenomenon. In this, it illustrates the problematic of a Global Law. However, it should not be inferred that Compliance is applied in the same way everywhere in the world. Like any legal institution, it is integrated into a preexisting legal framework, shaped by culture and history.
The aim of the conference is to explore geographic significance in Compliance Tools, that is to say the potentially different way in which these tools are chosen and used depending on the geographic area concerned. The three geographic areas studied will mainly be Europe, the United States and Africa. Opportunity will thus be given to highlight the convergences and divergences in the implementation of Compliance Tools in a geographic vision of the institution.
Under the scientific direction of Jean-Baptiste Racine, professor at the University Côté d'Azur (Law & Political Sciences School of Nice), GREDEG-CREDECO, CNRS UMR 7321
On January 30, 2010, the "Commission des sanctions" (Sanction Commission) of the French Financial Markets Regulator ("Autorité des Marchés Financiers" -AMF) has sanctioned, by administrative fines, two fund managers to have used inside information, what constitutes a breach of insider trading prohibited by the "Code monétaire et financier" (French Monetary and Financial Code). On Field probation, the "Conseil d’Etat" (French State Council) admits that without direct evidence, the regulator may settle for a body of evidence from which it follows that the action on the market of those prosecuted may restrict explained by the detention of the information in question. But concretely, the Council of State considers that the only information provided to managers do not back the transaction (an IPO) and do not constitute an implicit revelation. The sanction decided by the regulator is broken.
Professor Benzoni was Full Professor at Telecom Paris-Tech (1985-1995) before becoming a Full Professor of Economics at Université Paris 2 in 1996. He is a Founding Partner of TERA Consultants (1995), a member of ERMES (Research Team on Markets, Employment and Simulation: research center associated with CNRS-National Center of Scientific Research), Member of the Administration Board: Avignon’s World Forum-Culture-Economics-Media, Member of the Scientific Committee: “Competition Workshop” of he French Finance and Economy Ministry, Scientific Director of Quantifica-OMSYC (1988-2009), Member of the Editorial Board of Communication & Strategies.
He won The Industrial Economics Prize (ADEFI) for his work on Exhaustible resources and their regulation, the Harvard-Expansion Prize for the o-authored book: Energy Economics, the IREST prize (Institute for Research in Economics and Social sciences in Telecommunications) for contribution to Economics of telecommunications regulation.
Nomineted as a World’s Leading Competition Economist by The Global Competition Review.
