In The Journal of Regulation the summaries’ translation are done by the Editors and not by the authors
ENGLISH
The Conseil d’Etat (French Council of State) handed down a ruling (n°339154) on October 19, 2011 in the French Data Network, Apple, and iTunes case. In this ruling, it refused to annul the decree giving the "Haute Autorité pour la diffusion des œuvres et la protection des droits sur Internet" (HADOPI — France’s Internet Piracy Regulator) the power to issue injunctions to force the accessibility of essential information on the Internet in order to guarantee interoperability, using either penalties or fines.
FRENCH
LeConseil d’Etata rendu un arrêt(n °339154)le 19 Octobre2011 French Data Network, Apple etiTunes.Dans cet arrêt, ila refusé d’annulerle décretdonnant à la Haute Autoritépour la diffusiondes Œuvresetla protection desDroitssurInternet (HADOPI) le pouvoir d’émettredes injonctionspour forcerl’accessibilité des ’informations essentielles sur Internet afin degarantir l’interopérabilité,en utilisant des injonctions ou des amendes.
ITALIAN
Il “Conseil d’Etat” (il Consiglio di Stato francese) ha pronunciato una decisione (n° 339154) il 19 ottobre 2011 nel caso della rete di dati francese, Apple ed iTunes. In questa decisione, il Consiglio di stato ha rifiutato di annullare il decreto che conferisce alla “Haute Autorité pour la diffusion des œuvres et la protection des droits sur Internet” (HADOPI – l’autorità francese di regolazione contro la pirateria informatica) il potere di emettere delle sanzioni per assicurare l’accessibilità di informazioni essenziali su internet per garantire l’interoperabilità, usando così delle multe o delle ammende.
Complete reference : CHAINAIS, Cécile, FENOUILLET, Dominique, GUERLIN, Gaëtan (ed.), Les sanctions en droit contemporain, vol. 2, La motivation des sanctions prononcées en justice, coll. "L'esprit du droit", Dalloz, 2013, 233 p.
The implementation of a joint consumer information service on Insurance, Banking, and Insurance within the ‘Autorité de Contrôle prudential – ACP’ (French Prudential Control Authority), raises questions as to the way in which the service will be coordinated with the ACP’s other activities. The signature of the agreement creating the new joint service was the occasion for Christian Noyer, Governor of the Banque de France (Central Bank of France) and President of the ACP, to clarify that this joint service, whose principal goal is consumer protection, complements the ACP’s other missions.
In May 2011, Nasdaq OMX and its partner Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) were authorized by their respective boards of directors to perform a tender offer on the stock market operator NYSE Euronext. The American Department of Justice was worried about the consequences that this operation would have on competition, and despite the remedies proposed by the two companies, notified them that it would refuse the merger. On May 16, 2011, this potential refusal was enough for Nasdaq OMX and ICE to abandon their plan. This game of signals demonstrates the power of interregulation between merger review and the regulation of tender offers.
Capital market - Competition - Concentration - Financial market - Initial Public Offering (IPO) - Regulator - Self regulation - United States *
* In The Journal of Regulation, these keywords are done by the Editor and not by the Author.
Capital market - Competition - Concentration - Financial market - Initial Public Offering (IPO) - Regulator - Self regulation - United States *
* In The Journal of Regulation, these keywords are done by the Editor and not by the Author.
ITALIAN
Relazione tematica (Finanza): Il Dipartimento di giustizia americano ha informato Nasdaq eIntercontinental Exchange che rifiuterà la loro offerta pubblica iniziale su NYSE Euronext a ragione degli effetti anticoncorrenziali e le due società hanno quindi abbandonato il progetto.
Durante il mese di maggio 2011, Nasdq OMX ed il suo partner Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) erano stati autorizzati dai propri consigli di amministrazione a fare un’offerta sull’operatore di mercato NYSE Euronext. Il dipartimento di giustizia americano era preoccupato delle conseguenze che tale operazione avrebbe avuto sulla libera concorrenza e, malgrado i provvedimenti proposti dalle due società, aveva informato le società che avrebbe rifiutato la fusione. Il 16 maggio 2011, questo potenziale rifiuto bastò a Nasdaq OMX e ICE a far abbandonare il loro progetto. Questo gioco di segnali mette in rilievo il potere dell’interregolazione tra il controllo delle concentrazioni e la regolazione delle offerte all’asta.
Autoregolazione – Concorrenza - Concentrazione – Mercato finanziario – Mercato dei capitali – Offerta Pubblica Iniziale (IPO) – Regolatore – Stati Uniti d’America *
* In The Journal of Regulation, le parole chiave sono responsabilità dell’Editore e non dall’Autore.
SPANISH
Informe temático (Finanza): El Departamento americano de justicia informó a Nasdaq y ICE que rechazó su IPO sobre el NYSE Euronext a causa de sus efectos anticompetitivos, y que las dos compañías deben por lo tanto abandonar su plan. NYSE Euronext y Deutsche Börse han decidido merge.
En mayo del 2011, Nasdaq OMX y su partidario, Interncontinental Exchange (ICE), obtuvieron la autorización por sus respectivas juntas directivas para extender una oferta en el operador del mercado de valores, NYSE Euronex. El Departamento americano de justicia comenzó a preocuparse sobre las consecuencias que esta operación tendría sobre la competencia, y a pesar de algunos remedios propuestos por las dos compoañías, notificó que rechazaría la unión. El 16 de mayo del 2011, esta rechazo potencial fue suficiente para que Nasdaq OMX y ICE abandonaran su plan. Este juego de señales demuestra el poder de la inter-regulación entre el proceso de revisión de uniones y la regulación de ofertas públicas de adquisición.
PORTUGUESE
Informe temático (Finanças): O Departamento de Justiça dos Estados Unidos da América informou Nasdaq e ICE que ele iria rejeitar o IPO em NYSE Euronext por causa de seus efeitos anti-concorrenciais, assim as duas empresas abandonaram seu plano.
Em maio de 2011, Nasdaq OMX e seu parceiro Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) foram autorizados por suas respectivas diretorias a realizar uma oferta no operador do mercado de estocagem NYSE Euronext. O Departamento de Justiça dos Estados Unidos da América ficou preocupado com as conseqüências que esta operação teria na concorrência, e apesar dos contrapesos indicados pelas duas empresas, informou que ele iria recusar a operação. Em 16 de maio de 2011, esta recusa potencial foi suficiente para Nasdaq e OMX e ICE abandonarem seu plano. Este jogo de sinais demonstra o poder da interregulação entre revisão de operações e regulação de ofertas.
Cass R. Sunstein is a prominent Law & Economics teacher (first at the University of Chicago, then at Harvard). Not only has he written reference handbooks on Regulation, he was also the one who inspired the Regulation policies of Obama. In his 2013 book Simpler, he expresses his stance: to be better, public policies need to be simpler.
In this essay, Sunstein explores how behavorial economics might lead to improve public decision-making processes. He bases its stances upon his experience as the Administrator, from 2009 to 2012, of the US Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs; that is why anyone who cares about Regulation should read it and ask themselves if simplicity, as the author states, may or may not be an actual leading principle for an effective government.
The OIRA, under the supervision of the Office of Management and Budget placed within the Executive Office, reviews the draft Regulations that are prepared by the cabinets of various rulemaking agencies. In this view, the OIRA can be regarded as a sort of custodian of the quality of Regulation throughout the US; conversely to the mainly consultative functions granted to the Conseil d'Etat in France, the OIRA's opinions are binding. Hence, a draft project shall not be issued nor be enforced without its prior consent. Part of OIRA's defining mission is also to centralize all the information held by diverse people within the executive branch, as to enable its access and circulation between all the rulemaking agencies responsible for elaborating and producing binding regulations.
Simpler is dedicated to the detailed study of the main decisions taken under Sunstein's decisive influence by the OIRA in the Regulation field during Obama's first mandate (2009-2012). Before taking up government functions, Sunstein focused part of his academic work on the interactions that are the most likely to occur between behavioral economics, law and public policy. To him, "a general lesson is that small, inexpensive policy initiatives, informed by behavioral economics, can have big benefits" (p. 41). He namely provides that "without a massive reduction in its current functions, government can be far more effective, far less confusing, far less counterproductive, and far more helpful if it opts, wherever it can, for greater simplicity" (p. 11).
This reference to 'simplicity', from which the name of Sunstein's essay stems, aims at translating all the efforts done by public authorities, under the supervision of the OIRA, to issue rules that were clearer and more accessible than before and that provided their subjects (whether they are citizens, companies, or federal administrations) a greater freedom in the choices they were able to make.
Throughout his book and with a little help from the various situations he had to face during his term at the OIRA, Sunstein shows that there is a virtuous relationship between a better information of the agents (whether they are the authors or the subjects of the norms at stake), a greater simplicity in public decision-making process and a better quality of the regulations meilleure qualité de la réglementation in force in a State. This paper hence aims to sum up the main points of the essay (I.), before making a few comments about it (II.).
