This article traces the development of the regulatory state in China through the case of coal mine safety and tries to find out the logic of regulatory state building in China as well as its fundamental dilemmas embodied during the process. Based on the change of the coal mine market and governmental agencies responsible for managing coal mines, the article divides the history of regulatory state building into three periods: one of totalitarian command control when production was priority; then under rapid marketization when profits became priority, government regulation began to take shape, and currently safety regulation has become the focus, the government resorts to merging and reorganization of coal mines. The track of regulatory state building embodies the following characteristics: firstly, regulatory reform lacks a clear strategy; secondly, admission control based on licensing is still the primary way of regulation; thirdly, the idea of social regulation, instead of economic regulation based on price and entrance regulation, has gradually appeared; fourthly, gradual reliance on local government on daily regulation; finally, coal mine workers did not have a say in the regulation to defend their own rights.
Artigo : O rumo e a lógica da construção do Estado Regulatório na China: estudo de caso da segurança de minas de carvão
Este artigo retraça o desenvolvimento do Estado Regulatório na China a partir do caso da segurança nas minas de carvão e procura identificar a lógica do Estado Regulatório na China, bem como os problemas fundamentais surgidos durante o processo. Baseado na mudança do mercado de minas de carvão e das agências governamentais responsáveis pela administração de minas de carvão, o artigo divide a história da construção do Estado Regulatório em três períodos: o primeiro de controle de comando totalitário, quando a produção era a prioridade; depois, sob rápida “mercadorização”, quando o lucro se tornou prioridade, a regulação de governo começou a desenhar-se; e atualmente o foco deslocou-se para a regulação de segurança, levando o governo a mesclar e reorganizar as minas de carvão. O rumo da construção do Estado Regulatório contém as seguintes características: em primeiro lugar, a reforma regulatória padece de uma estratégia clara; em segundo lugar, o controle de admissões baseado em demissões ainda é o modo preferido de regulação; em terceiro lugar, a ideia de regulação social, no lugar de regulação econômica baseada na regulação do preço e da entrada, aparace gradualmente; em quarto lugar, confiança gradual em governos locais para regulações quotidianas; finalmente, trabalhadores de minas de carvão não costumavam ter algo a dizer, em matéria de regulação, para defender seus próprios direitos. Palavras-chave: Estado Regulatório; Mina de carvão; mercado; governo.
SPANISH
Artículo: El rumbo y la lógica en la construcción del Estado Regulatoria de China: Un estudio de caso de la seguridad en las minas de carbón.
El artículo traza el desarrollo de del estado regulatorio en China a través de la seguridad de las minas y trata de encontrar la lógica de la construcción del estado chino al igual sus dilemas fundamentales que se permean el proceso. Basado en el cambio del mercado de las minas de carbón y la responsabilidad del manejo del carbón por las agencias gubernamentales, el artículo divide la historia del estado regulatorio en tres periodos: una de control totalitario cuando el énfasis era en la producción; después bajo una “mercaderización” acelerada las ganancias eran la prioridad, la regulación gubernamental comenzó a formarse y la regulación ha sido el enfoque, el gobierno se dedica a unir y reorganizar las minas de carbón. La trayectoria de construcción del estado regulatoria tiene las características siguientes: primero, la reforma regulatoria no posee una estrategia clara; segundo, el control de admisión es basado en la entrega de licencias permanece siendo la manera preferida de la regulación; tercero, la idea de la regulación social, en vez de la regulación económica basada en el precio y la regulación de entrada, ha emergido gradualmente; cuarto, una mayor dependencia sobre el gobierno local para las cuestiones de regulación diaria; y finalmente, los trabajadores de las minas de carbón no podían influenciar la regulación para defender sus propios derechos.
Le 24 juin 2019, le Régulateur irlandais a publié un rapport visant à participer à la consultation publique lancée par le ministère de la Communication, portant à la fois sur la façon dont il convient de transposer la directive européenne sur les services audiovisuels et sur la perspective d'une loi nationale sur la "régulation des contenus dommageables sur les plateformes en ligne".
Pour le Régulateur, le rapprochement des deux actes législateurs offre une opportunité d'une régulation globale des "médias en ligne", offrant à l'internaute une "sécurité" que la simple transposition de la Directive ne permet pas. Ainsi la seconde loi complétera la première.
Pour le Régulateur, la loi nationale à adopter doit permettre au Régulateur de donner une pleine sécurité à l'internaute irlandais ("online safety"), en retirant les contenants violents ou dommageables (le terme harmful est difficile à traduire par un seul mot en français) et en l'avertissant à propos de ceux-ci.
Comme l'explicite le rapport (p.52) :
The BAI considers that the following four strategic objectives and responsibilities are relevant for an online safety regulator operating within the new media regulatory structure: • Rectifying serious harms occurring to Irish residents through their use of online services. • Ensuring that individuals and members of groups that are frequently subject to harmful online content can fully benefit from digital technology and social media. • Reducing online harms by introducing online safety rules for online platforms. • Promoting responsibility and awareness of online safety issues among the general population and industry. To fulfil these objectives and responsibilities, the BAI considers that the Online Safety Regulator could have the following three functions:
1. Operating a statutory mechanism to remove harmful online content that directly affects Irish residents (Rectification of Harm)
2. Developing and enforcing an online safety code for Irish-resident online platforms (Minimisation of the potential for Harm)
3. Promoting awareness of online safety issues among the public and industry (Preventing Harm). Ensuring that online services play a more effective role in tackling online safety issues can provide wide, “collective” benefits to large numbers of individuals simultaneously.
Visant expressément Youtube et Facebook, qui en Europe ont choisi de se localiser en Irland, le Régulateur demande une Régulation des plateformes de partage de vidéos qui doit, à travers un Code s'appliquant à eux, permettre de régir leur activité qui se déploie à travers toute l'Europe. Ce Code aurait vocation à rappeler en premier le principe de la libre expression. Tout en organiser la "sécurité en ligne" de l'internaute.
Le Régulateur irlandais des Médias sera en charge de cela. Et puisque les opérateurs sont localisés en Irlande, ses conceptions et ses actions auront donc un effet européen : comme le dit le Président de l'Autorité de Régulation lui-même : " This is a particularly important issue for this country, given that many of the majoar international platforms are based her. Ireland has a unique opportunity - and responsability - to lead the debate and chart the way forward in relation to online safety and regulation".
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"to lead" ?
Il n'est pas certain que les autres régulateurs nationaux ni la Commission européenne partagent une telle conception irlando-centriste de la régulation euroréenne des médias.
The Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 gave FHFA the authorities necessary to oversee vital components of USA’secondary mortgage markets – Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Banks.
FHFA’s mission is to provide effective supervision, regulation and housing mission oversight of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Federal Home Loan Banks to promote their safety and soundness, support housing finance and affordable housing, and support a stable and liquid mortgage market.
The {Conseil Constitutionnel} (French Constitutional Council) approves the principle of a carbon tax scheme, but obliges the Government to review its scope.
The European Commission published on April 11, 2012, a follow-up and summary report of on the application of the third directive "Anti-Money Laundering " which gives a community value to on international standards adopted by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). This is to protect the financial system against the money laundering. The report assesses the effectiveness of the application of the directive and points out the need for change. The Commission requests that the standards for the detection of risk of money laundering are better targeted and oriented in the gambling sector. It also suggests that tax offences be regarded as offences of money laundering. As individuals, the report requires to banks and other professionals to increase their due diligences requirements. It also covers the "persons politically exposed", that is - to say those may be corrupt. The report finally requests a special assessment on the application of the Directive to independent legal professionals, including lawyers, subject to the legal obligation to report .
A "Chambre régionale de discipline des commissaires aux comptes" (Auditors’ regional chamber of discipline) had imposed a penalty on one of these professionals, who formed a retrial before this chamber. His action is dismissed for lack of text, that confirms the "Haut Conseil du Commissariat aux Comptes (French High Council of the Commissioner of Account). The "Conseil d’Etat" (French Council of State) invalidates the decision, demanding that retrial is open, even without special text, if the applicant claims that the decision was not adopted on the relevant documents.
FRENCH
Une chambre régionale de discipline des commissaires aux comptes avait infligé une sanction à un de ces professionnels, qui forme un recours en révision devant cette chambre. Le recours est rejeté faute de texte, ce que confirme le Haut Conseil du Commissariat aux Compte. Le Conseil d’Etat invalide la décision, en posant qu’un recours en révision est ouvert, même sans texte spécial, si le requérant prétend que la décision n’a pas été adoptée sur des pièces pertinentes.
A report, published by the United States Postal Service (USPS) on March 2, 2010, presents the difficult economic situation facing the USPS (declines in volume of mail and huge budget deficits), and the ambitious economic and political measures that will have to be taken in order to maintain universal postal service in the United States.
A report, published by the United States Postal Service (USPS) on March 2, 2010, presents the difficult economic situation facing the USPS (declines in volume of mail and huge budget deficits), and the ambitious economic and political measures that will have to be taken in order to maintain universal postal service in the United States.
The European Court of Justice upheld German regulations on Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis (BSE, or ‘mad cow disease’) testing, which were more stringent than those required by the European Union, on the grounds that Member States are alone legitimate to determine the level of public health protection they guarantee their citizens.
Airports are critical infrastructure. They often receive support from the State and the European Commission has adopted specific guidelines to soften the principle of prohibition of State aid in this area. Yet it is not necessary that the regulation be the mask of a violation of competitive equality. This is why the Commission has extended and prolonged on June 27, 2012, the investigation initiated in 2007 proposed to the airport of Alghero, Italy. Indeed, the investigation revealed including infrastructure subsidies, which the Commission doubt that they are comply with EU law.
