It was expected that the CEO of the Citigroup Bank receive for 2011 a salary of 15 million, a part immediately, and the other part deferred, and approximately 155 times the average earnings of employees, and while the Citigroup stock price fell from 45% in 2011. Consulting firms advised shareholders to express an unfavourable opinion to this draft resolution, presented in the General Assembly by the Board of Directors of the Bank under the Dodd-Frank Act. Two Consulting firms advised to deliver a negative vote, believing that compensation was disproportionate. Shareholders followed this advice.This is the second time that a such disapproval is expressed.
The implementation of a joint service on Insurance, Banking, and Insurance within the ‘Autorité de Contrôle prudential – ACP’ (French Prudential Control Authority), raises questions as to the way in which the service will be coordinated with the ‘Autorité des marchés financiers – AMF’ (French financial markets authority’s) other activities. The signature of the agreement creating the new joint service was the occasion for Jean-Pierre Jouyet, President of the AMF, to clarify that this joint service’s principal goal is consumer protection. The coordination between the AMF and the ACP is intended to improve efficiency and credibility to further this goal.
The case is a gap. Indeed, sports activities are regulated in the most traditional way, by administrative texts, administrative supervision, delegations, judicial control. There are rules, both legal and ethical. The most sophisticated rules have been developed, notably on "permissible violence" and that which is not, for example in the field of boxing or rugby, through the notion of "rules of the game".
Video games are at first sight quite different.
They are regulated by other bodies of rules and other regulators, such as the Regulatory Authority for Online Games, when they are played in the digital space.
But the Regulator of online games does not at first sight have competence to apply the "rules of the game" in the perspective of what sport is and the particular integration of the distinction between permissible violence and inadmissible violence.
Assuming that it extends its competence to that dimension, the fact that the blows carried are only "virtually" should necessarily modify the contour and the application of the rules, transforming this regulator of games into a regulator of sports.
Conversely, assuming that the sports regulators are concerned, it is necessary that the analogy between "game" and "sport" should be strong enough for the extension to take place legitimately.
The criterion that poses the problem is precisely le notion of "violence".
On the paper the "Autorité de Régulation du Secteur de la Microfinance» - ARSM" (the Regulatory Authority of the Microfinance Sector), established by law in Niger, is both original and powerful. Indeed, it is rare that this financing mechanism be regulated by a body that is its own and the Decree of 27 March 2007 that created gives it the powers to deliver licenses, permits to exercise, to disseminate information, to monitor the " Systèmes Financiers Décentralisés"- SFD (Decentralised Financial Systems), to conduct inspections and sanction. But in reality, the economic culture of savings failed in Niger and political instability made goes away a few foreign cooperative banks which had supplemented the lack of conventional banks. The Authority also requests that the public authorities, managers of the structures of micro-credit clean up the sector, before injecting any new money.
Summary of the news: Through its decision of 22nd of October 2020, the Autorité de la concurrence (French Competition Authority) accepted the commitments proposed by retail sector's firms Casino, Auchan, Metro and Schiever so that their agreement by which a common body centralizes purchases from numerous retailers, allowing each to offer these products under private label, is admissible with regard to competitive requirements.
In this particular case, the Authority had self-sized in July 2018, estimating that such a purchase center could harm competition, opening immediately a large consultation on the terms of the contract. In October 2018, the law Egalim permitted to the Authority to take temporary measures to suspend such a contract, what the Authority did from September.
The convention parties' firms committed on the one hand to update their contract limiting the power on suppliers, especially small and very small suppliers, excluding totally of the field of the contract some kind of products, especially food products and reducing the share of bought products volume dedicated to their transformation in distributor brand.
The Autorité de la concurrence accepts this proposal of commitments, congratulates itself of the protection of small suppliers operating like that and observe the similarity with the contract consisting in a purchase center between Carrefour and Tesco, which will be examined soon.
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We can draw three lessons of this innovating decision, which could be a model for after:
1. The technique of Compliance Law permits to the Autorité de la concurrence to find a reasonable solution for the future.
Indeed, rather than punishing much later by a simple fine or to annihilate the performing mechanism of the purchase center, the Authority obtains contract modifications.
The contract is structured and the obtained modifications are also structural.
The commitments are an Ex Ante technique, imposed to operators, for the future, in an equilibrium between competition, operators and consumers protection and the efficacy of the coordination between powerful operators.
The nomination of a monitor permits to build the future of the sector, thanks to the Ex Ante nature of Compliance Law.
2. The retail sector finally regulated by Compliance technics.
"Distribution law" always struggle to find its place, between Competition law and Contract Law, especially because we cannot consider it as a common "sector".
The Conseil constitutionnel (French constitutional court) refused a structural injunction power to the authority because it was contrary to business freedom and without any doubt ethics of business is not sufficient to the equilibrium of the sector.
Through commitments given against a stop of pursuits relying on structuring contracts, it is by Compliance law that a Regulation law free of the condition of existence of a sector could leave.
3. The political nature of Compliance law in the retail sector
As for digital space, which is not a sector, Compliance law can directly impose to actors imperatives that are strangers to them.
In the digital space, the care for fighting against Hate and for protecting private life; here the care for small and very small suppliers.
Jean-Michel Roy is a professor of philosophy and epistemology at the Ecole Normale Supérieure Lyon (ENS-Lyon). He provides academic guidance for the Master Recherche en Sciences Cognitives at the Ecole Normale Supérieur de Paris (ENS-Cachan). (...)
We know the importance of the credit mortgage c in the United States and the place of its failure in the financial crisis of 2008 and those that erupted. The refinancing market of the real estate loans is held by three operators, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. This market is regulated and overseen by the Federal Housing Agency (FHFA). This agency has the power to adjust as needed to lower the principal amount of mortgage debt if market value of purchased assets decline also. But he Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) sought for this purpose by the same firms of refinancing acting at the request of the Government, refused to allow such an adjustment. On July 31, 2012, the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States is expressed "concern" of such refusal, which risk to distressed companies of refinancing of mortgages, including the rescue has already cost so much at the first time.
This article is a continuation of the Regulatory Law Review’s first public symposium, entitled "The Role of Supreme Courts in Economic Cases", which was held on January 25, 2010.
FRENCH
Article : Régulation et les Cours Suprêmes, les perspectives transatlantiques
Cet article fait suite au premier symposium public organisé par la Regulatory Law Review intitulé "Le rôle des cours suprêmes en matière économique" qui a eu lieu le 25 janvier 2010.
GERMAN
Dieser Artikel folgt die erste Fachkonferenz der Regulatory Law Review zum Thema "Die Rolle der Oberster Gerichtshofen im wirtschaftlichen Fällen", die am 25. Januar 2010 stattfand.
SPANISH
Artículo: Regulación y cortes supremas: perspectivas transatlánticas.
Este artículo es la continuación del primer simposio público organizado por la Regulatory Law Review, titulado “El rol de las cortes supremas en casos de materia económica," que tuvo lugar el 25 de enero del 2010.
In response to the scandal of the drug called the" Médiator", politics, believing that the regulatory authority of medicinal product had not correctly done his job, responded by an act on December, 29 2011 providing the replacement of Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé (Afssaps-) (French Agency for the Safety of Health Product) by The Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament (ANSM) (National Agency for safety of medicinal product). The implementing decree organising the regulatory authority was released on April 29, 2012, that allowing the effective implementation of the new authority on the scheduled date: 1 may 2012. There is continuity between the two authorities: it is the same Professor of medicine who is the executive chairman, who was appointed at the head of the Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé (Afssaps-) (French Agency for the Safety of Health Product) following the case of the" Médiator", and became the executive chairman of the (National Agency for safety of medicinal product). But the new authority must strengthen its own expertise; this allows therefore an increased autonomy to avoid capture by asymmetry of information for the benefit of pharmaceutical laboratories. The new Act also wants to avoid the links of interests, which lead to the same result of ineffectiveness of the control, and with a focus on transparency as an operating principle.
