It was expected that the CEO of the Citigroup Bank receive for 2011 a salary of 15 million, a part immediately, and the other part deferred, and approximately 155 times the average earnings of employees, and while the Citigroup stock price fell from 45% in 2011. Consulting firms advised shareholders to express an unfavourable opinion to this draft resolution, presented in the General Assembly by the Board of Directors of the Bank under the Dodd-Frank Act. Two Consulting firms advised to deliver a negative vote, believing that compensation was disproportionate. Shareholders followed this advice.This is the second time that a such disapproval is expressed.
On the paper the "Autorité de Régulation du Secteur de la Microfinance» - ARSM" (the Regulatory Authority of the Microfinance Sector), established by law in Niger, is both original and powerful. Indeed, it is rare that this financing mechanism be regulated by a body that is its own and the Decree of 27 March 2007 that created gives it the powers to deliver licenses, permits to exercise, to disseminate information, to monitor the " Systèmes Financiers Décentralisés"- SFD (Decentralised Financial Systems), to conduct inspections and sanction. But in reality, the economic culture of savings failed in Niger and political instability made goes away a few foreign cooperative banks which had supplemented the lack of conventional banks. The Authority also requests that the public authorities, managers of the structures of micro-credit clean up the sector, before injecting any new money.
The paper suggests that the neo-realistic theory of Regulation encompasses both regulatory legal rules as well as an authoritarian supervisory monitoring of their application by market participants. Further, supervision should not merely encompass microeconomic supervision but rather integrate that financial market’s interconnectedness (finance, banking and insurance) entails a reform of its current architecture, in order to preserve from market failures the system as a whole. Regulation is transversal and should not be understood as sector-specific but rather as a governance mechanism for whole systems.
FRENCH
Quand régulation rime avec supervision: l'exemple de la nouvelle architecture de supervision européenne
L'article suggère que la théorie néo-réaliste de la régulation inclut à la fois les règles légales régulatoires ainsi que la supervision autoritaire de leur application par les acteurs du marché. De plus, la supervision ne doit pas comprendre uniquement la supervision microéconomique, mais doit plutôt intégrer que l'interconnectivité propre aux marchés financiers (finance, banque et assurance) suppose une réforme de son architecture actuelle afin de prémunir le système dans son ensemble des défaillances de marché. La régulation est transversale et ne devrait pas être comprise comme spécifique à un secteur, mais comme un mécanisme de gouvernance pour le système dans son ensemble.
GERMAN
Wenn Regulierung mit Überwachung reimt: das Beispiel der neuen europäischen Überwachungsarchitecktur.
Dieser Artikel deutet an, dass die neo-realistische Theorie der Regulierung beide die juristischen Regeln der Regulierung sowie die autoritärische Überwachung ihrer Anwendung integriert. Ausserdem soll unter dem Begriff Überwachung nicht nur die mikroökonomische Überwachung verstanden werden, aber auch die Verbindungen zwischen Finanzmärkte (Finanz, Bank, Versicherung), was eigentlich die Reform der heutigen Architektur bedeuten soll, um dem System von Märtkeversagen zu schützen. Die Regulierung ist transversal, und soll nicht nur mit Hinweis auf dem Sektor verstanden werden, sondern als ein Mechanismus für die Führung des Systems im breiten Sinne.
SPANISH
Cuando la Regulación rima con la supervisión: el ejemplo de la arquitectura de la nueva estructura de supervisión.
Este informe sugiera que la teoría neo-realística de la Regulación abarca tanto las reglas legales regulatorias como la supervisión autoritaria monitoreada de su aplicación por los participantes en el marcado. Además, la supervisión no debería solamente abarcar la supervisión microeconómica, sino que también debería integrar la naturaleza interconectada del mercado (financiera, bancaria y de seguros) lo cual requeriría de reformas de su arquitectura actual para poder preservarse de los fallos de mercado del sistema en general. La regulación es transversal y no debería conocerse como sector-específico sino como un mecanismo de gobierno para sistemas enteros.
ITALIAN
Articolo: Quando regolazione fa rima con supervisione: l’esempio della nuova organizzazione europea di supervisione.
L’articolo suggerisce che la teoria neorealista della regolazione racchiude sia norme legali di regolazione che una supervisione della loro applicazione da parte degli operatori del mercato. Inoltre, la supervisione non dovrebbe semplicemente includere una supervisione microeconomica quanto piuttosto introdurre un’interconnessione (finanza, banca e assicurazioni) del mercato finanziario, cosa che implica una riforma dell’organizzazione attuale, al fine di proteggere il sistema nel suo complesso da un mancato funzionamento del mercato. La regolazione é trasversale e non dovrebbe essere intesa come un meccanismo di settore ma piuttosto come un meccanismo globale di governance.
China begins to emerge from an administered economy. This applies as well to public services as to its method of financing of the economy. That is why is noteworthy the decision of listing of the subsidiary of Chinese subsidiary of the postal service, dedicated to postal express and logistic. Indeed, the Chinese financial regulator, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) admitted on 4 may the listing of this one on the Chinese financial market. But, not only the purpose is to list an activity, certainly competitive, but organically attached to a public service, but also it's about to list a very important company. This occurs, and then while few Chinese companies are currently listed. In a single event, a double movement occurs: confidence in the mechanism of the financial market and the growing liberalisation of public services.
Germany is characterized in that in Europe generally has refused liberalization of the gambling industry. For this, it will incur remonstrance’s from the European Commission. But this issue is the responsibility of the Länder. That is why, when the Land of Schleswig-Holsteing decided in April 2011 to open the sector to competition online games, Everyone saw a sign of liberalism and compliance with European lines.
But the government of this land has changed in May 2012 to make way for a coalition, it seems more favorable to a closure of that activity or, at lesse, should be left to public monopolies.
However, on September 2, 5 licenses are to be given by that Government to the major operators of online games, which shows that the line previously adopted market-opening games online is maintained, unlike the rest of the Germany.
In 2009, a European Observatory of counterfeiting and piracy was established. In May 2012, the European Observatory on Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights took its place, by the effect of a European Union regulation on 19 April 2012. This Observatory has the purpose to improve the understanding of the value of the rights of intellectual property, to measure their effectiveness and to promote the approximation of the laws of the Member States in this area. To do this, it organises meetings between administrations and the private sector and collects information about the laws and applicable case-law. States have to inform him.
Ofcom
Riverside House
2a Southwark Bridge Road
London SE1 9HA
United Kingdom
Phone call : +44(0)300 123 3333 or +44(0)20 7981 3040
Open Monday to Friday from 9.00am to 5.00pm.
People playing online can pay by payment card or credit card. Licensed gambling operators created cards for prepaid usage, likely to be sold in advance to the players. On 18 April 2012, The Autorité française de régulation des jeux en ligne (ARJEL — French Online gambling regulatory authority) examined this practice. The regulator has relied on article 17 of the Act of May 12, 2010, law that organises the system of online games. It specifies that the player account cannot be supplied by the owner by an instrument of payment issued by a "payment service provider". The regulator noted that games operators are not payment service providers and concluded, in a restrictive interpretation, that this practice must be stopped immediately. The regulator confines itself in its decision to "remember this point" to the operators. This is sufficient because if they overlook, the Commission of the sanction of the Autorité française de régulation des jeux en ligne (ARJEL — French Online gambling regulatory authority) online, examined this practice will be there to raise the voice.
Research on the EU regime of risk regulation for pharmaceuticals and foodstuffs based on an institutionalist approach to supranational risk regulation.
First of all, the Turkey and Niger signed June 12, 2012 a cooperation agreement for the development of telecommunications in Niger. It includes a program of cooperation between the two national authorities of regulation and provision of expertise on the part of the Turkish authority to the authority of the Niger. Secondly, it provides a system of training, so that operators entering the telephone and Internet market. Thirdly, the Turkey provides financial assistance to Niger that infrastructures are built, required for the deployment of a national telecommunications market.
