Internet permits to access to expanded knowledge but also make easier the broadcasting of fake news and hate speeches. Unfortunately, public powers cannot know who broadcast these fake news and hate speeches and are so not able to fight efficiently against this. A solution would be to expect from digital firms that they find a way to contain these fake news and hate speeches that they structurally contribute to diffuse.
Digital firms already do that and especially Facebook which plans to sensibilize its American users to 2020 presidential elections. However, digital firms explain that if they fight against fake news and hate speeches, it is only because of its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). But, even if it is a calculus to get a better reputation and avoid boycott actions, this remains a willingness of the firm which is therefore neither forced to succeed, nor even to act.
The solution proposed by Compliance Law is to make of this effort a legal obligation by internalizing in crucial operators (digital firms) the "monumental goal" to fight against fake news and hate speeches so that digital companies are required to act and that they are supervised by public authorities in this task. The forthcoming law about digital services will impose to digital firms Ex Ante obligations while the law of 22 of December 2018 related to the fight against information manipulation already forces platforms operators a legal obligation to "cooperate" in the fight against fake news.
The U.S. District Court in Newark, New Jersey, dismissed a class action suit brought against drug manufacturer, Schering Plough, alleging that payments it made to two generic drug manufacturers in order to delay the introduction of generic forms of one of its products, violated antitrust law.
The French Act of 1 February 2012 "to strengthen the ethics of sport and sports rights" has sought to resolve the issue of the use of short excerpts from sports other than broadcast rights holders. Prior to this, only a code of conduct existed, the uncertainty remaining, and also about the dimension of the extract and the support of the extract. The Act is now related to the extract in any medium, including the Internet, and gives the power to establish specific rules to the Conseil Supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA)- (French audiovisual regulatory). Furthermore, the Act of May 17, 2011 has extended the right to free diffusion in any event a great interest to the public. The Conseil Supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) – (French audiovisual regulatory) has opened on April 4, 2012, a public consultation. It will be closed on 18 May.
"Acting in a neutral way" is an oxymoron. "Companies often require however that States use their powers in a neutral way (eg tax neutrality). In regulated sectors, some are right or even duty , of not being neutral. Firstly, it is the State, which requires the market for other purposes, other temporalities and other values. Secondly, they are also the "crucial operators", which are sort of regulators of second degree, such as transmission system operators or companies capital markets firms. The difficulty increases when the systeme requires neutrality of regulators and judges, when first build economic policy and the second create jurisprudence. Their consistency, impartiality and rationality can create an objectifiable neutralitys
FRENCH
«Agir de façon neutre» est un oxymoron. «Les entreprises ont souvent besoin, cependant, que les États utilisent leurs pouvoirs de manière neutre (neutralité fiscale par exemple).
Dans les secteurs réglementés, certains ont le droit ou même le devoir de ne pas être neutre. Tout d’abord, c’est l’État, qui insère le marché à d’autres fins, d’autres temporalités et d’autres valeurs. En second lieu, ils sont aussi les «opérateurs crucial», qui sont des sortes de régulateurs du second degré : par exemple les opérateurs de réseaux de transport ou de entreprises de marchés financiers.
La difficulté augmente lorsque le systeme économique et politique exige la neutralité des autorités de régulation et des juges, alors que les premiers construisent la politique économique et les seconds construisent la jurisprudence. Le respect qu'ils doivent avoir de l'impartialité et d'une rationalité suffisamment objectivables pourra permettre cette objectivité requise.
Europe is definitely the zone of the world in which the protection of persons is thought.
Elle le fait par des textes, dont le très fameux Réglement adopté en 2016 relative à la protection des personnes physiques à l'égard du traitement à caractère personnel et à la libre circulation de ces données,dit "RGPD", recopié par exemple en Californie par la loi du 12 juillet 2018, par des initiatives nationales, comme la prochaine loi française contre les discours de haine dans l'espace numérique, par de nombreuses études et rapports - le droit souple étant aussi importante que le Droit pénal en Droit de la Compliance, mais encore par des décisions de justice.
Europe does this by texts, including the very famous Regulation adopted in 2016 relating to the treatment of personal data for their free circulation and the protection of peope concerned by them ( known as General Data Protection Regulation - GDPR ), copied for example in California by the Act of 12 July 2018, by national initiatives, such as the next French law against hate speech in the digital space, by numerous studies and reports - Soft Law being as important as Criminal Law in Law of Compliance system -, but also by court decisions.
Indeed, judicial decisions were at the origin of the movement of the person protection, with the creation of a "right to be forgotten" by the 2014 Google Spain decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union.
On June 2nd 2010, the European Union (EU) Commission shared its 2010-2011 time-table and action plan for financial markets. It proposed to improve supervision of Credit Rating Agencies, it launched debate on corporate governance in financial institutions and it published a communication on Financial Services 2010-2011 ("Regulating financial Services for sustainable growth"). Indeed, any of these three aspects answer to the EU’s G20 commitment to create a safer regulatory framework for financial markets –itself participating to economic recovery- and implement such system as to prevent future crisis to go off. As Commission President José Manuel Barroso said on that day: "Today the Commission is launching the final push to complete the EU's financial services reform. This is part of our wider agenda to stabilize, consolidate and restore sustainable growth to the European economy".
FRANCAIS
Article: Lancement de "la dernière impulsion pour compléter la réforme des services financiers": La Commission suit-elle le bon chemin?
Le 2 Juin 2010, la Commission Européenne (CE) a rendu public son agenda 2010-2011 ainsi que son plan d'action pour les marchés financiers. A cette occasion, elle a proposé d'améliorer la surveillance des agences de notation, a lancé un débat sur le gouvernement d'entreprise dans les établissements financiers, et a publié une communication sur les services financiers 2010-2011, intitulée "La réglementation des services financiers au service d'une croissance durable". Ces trois aspects en effet répondent aux engagements du G20 de créer un cadre régulatoire plus sûr pour les marchés financiers, pour permettre la reprise économique, et, dans l'éventualité d'une crise future, pour éviter que cette dernière ne dérape. Comme l'a précisé le Président de la Commission Européenne José Manuel Barroso ce jour-là: "aujourd'hui la Commission lance la dernière impulsion pour compléter la réforme des services financiers en Europe. Ceci fait partie d'un agenda plus global pour stabiliser, consolider et restaurer une croissance durable pour l'économie européenne."
GERMAN
Artikel: Lancierung "des letzten Schrittes zur Vervollständigung der EU-Finanzdienstleistungensreform": ist die Kommission auf dem richtigen Weg?
Am 2. Juni 2010 hat die Europäische Kommission ihre Agenda 2010-2011 veröffentlicht, sowie ihre Vorschläge zu den Änderungen der EU-Vorschriften zu Ratingagenturen vorgelegt und eine öffentliche Konsultation zur Reform der Corporate Governance in Finanzinstituten eingeleitet. Die Kommission hat auch eine allgemeinere Mitteilung 2010-2011 über den Finanzdienstleistungssektor verabschiedet („Regulierung der Finanzdienstleistungen für nachhaltiges Wachstum“). So was entspricht der Verpflichtung der Kommission beim G20-Gipfel, ein sicherer und stabiler Finanzsystem sicherzustellen. Kommissionspräsident José Manuel Barroso erklärte aus diesem Anlass: "Die Kommission lanciert heute den letzten Schritt zur Vervollständigung der EU-Finanzdienstleistungensreform. Dies ist Teil eines breitangelegten Programms zur Wiederherstellung von nachhaltigem Wachstum, sowie der Stabilisierung und Konsolidierung der europäischen Wirtschaft“
ITALIAN
Articolo: Verso la “spinta finale per completare la riforma dell’Unione europea dei servizi finanziari”: la Commissione è sulla strada giusta?
Il 2 giugno 2010, la Commissione del’Unione Europea (UE) ha svelato il suo calendario ed il suo piano d’azione per il 2010-2011 in materia di mercati finanziari. La Commissione ha proposto di migliorare la supervisione delle Agenzie per la valutazione dei crediti, ha aperto il dibattito sulla corporate governance nelle istituzioni finanziarie ed ha pubblicato un comunicato sui servizi finanziari 2010-2011 (“Regolamentare i servizi finanziari per uno sviluppo sostenibile”). Tuttavia, nessuno di questi tre aspetti corrisponde all’impegno, preso dall’UE durante il G20, di creare un quadro di riferimento più sicuro per i mercati finanziari – partecipando alla ripresa economica – e di attuare un sistema tale da evitare una crisi futura. Lo stesso giorno, il Presidente della Commissione José Manuel Barroso ha affermato: “Oggi la Commissione sta dando la spinta finale per completare la riforma dei servizi finanziari. Questo fa parte della nostra ampia agenda, al fine di stabilizzare, consolidare e riavviare una crescita sostenibile dell’economia europea”.
CHINESE
欧盟委员会“推动完成欧盟金融服务业改革”是在正确的道路上提出的吗?
The European Union (EU) Commission（欧盟委员会）于2010年6月2日公布了其关于金融市场2010-2011年的时间表和行动计划。欧委会建议完善针对Credit Rating Agencies（信用评级机构）的监管，它发起了有关金融机构公司治理的讨论并且公布了金融服务行业2010-2011年度通讯("Regulating financial Services for sustainable growth")。事实上，这三方面中的任何一项都是欧盟针对二十国集团为金融市场建立一个安全可靠的监管体系所作承诺的回复-自身参与经济重建以及建立应对经济再度衰落的预防体系。正如委员会主席José Manuel Barroso（若泽·曼努埃尔·巴罗佐）在同一天所讲：执委会今天正在推动完成欧盟金融服务业改革，这是我们关于欧洲经济稳定、巩固以及恢复其可持续增长更广泛议程的一部分。
SPANISH
El lanzamiento del “empuje final para completar la reforma de servicios de la Unión Europea”: ¿ira por buen camino la Comisión?
El 2 de junio del 2010 la Comisión de la Unión Europea compartió con el público su calendario y plan de acción para los mercados financieros en el periodo 2010-2011. Ha propuesto mejorar la supervisión de las agencias de notación, ha lanzado un debate sobre la gerencia corporativa en las instituciones financieras y ha publicado una comunicación sobre los servicios financieros del 2010-2011 (“La reglamentación de los servicios financieros al servicio de un crecimiento durable”). Cada uno de estos tres aspectos responde al compromiso de la UE G20 de crear un marco regulatorio más seguro para los mercados financieros – contribuyendo en sí mismo al relance de la economía – y de implementar un tal sistema para prevenir crisis similares en el futuro. En las palabras del Presidente de la Comisión José Manuel Barroso: “Hoy la Comisión lanza el empuje final para completar la reforma de los servicios financieros de la UE. Esto forma parte de nuestra agenda para estabilizar, consolidar y restaurar el crecimiento durable de la economía europea.”
The French telecommunications and postal regulator (ARCEP – Autorité de regulation des communications électroniques et des postes) has prepared a project of pricing of mobile call termination, that is to say the amount that an operator must pay to reach another user. Thus, when a subscriber of Orange mobile calls a subscriber of Free mobile, Orange gives money to Free. Inversely, when a subscriber of Free mobile calls a user of Orange mobile, Free gives money to Orange. The regulator notes that Free mobile, new entrant, have less subscribers than the three operators, and will therefore receive less money than the others. It's the reason why, it justify to his advantage a temporarily higher pricing, the time it finds its place in the competitive market of mobile phone. On April 12, 2012, the European Commission publicly expressed that the principle of an asymmetric pricing policy is insufficient. The French telecommunications and postal regulator (ARCEP – Autorité de regulation des communications électroniques et des postes) has responded by standing that the principle of asymmetrical pricing was not sufficient and that justifications will be provided.
