Through the publication of a new regulatory framework by Postcomm, the British Postal Services Commission, on May 27, 2010, Postcomm outlines its plans for regulating the postal sector in the years following 2012. This framework plans to adapt postal regulation to allow Royal Mail to profitably fulfill its Universal Service Obligations faced with drastically declining mail volumes and increased competition.
FRENCH
Rapport bibliographique (Littérature grise) : The “British Postal Services Commission” (Postcomm — la commission britannique des services postaux) publie le 27 mai 2010 un programme de régulation pour un service postal durable.
La publication d’un nouveau cadre de régulation le 27 mai 2010 par the British Postal Services Commission (Postcomm — la commission britannique des services postaux) détaille les intentions de Postcomm pour réguler le secteur postal dans les années suivant l’an 2012. Cet ensemble visera l’adaptation de la régulation postale pour permettre à Royal Mail (la Poste britannique) de satisfaire ses obligations de service universel en réalisant des bénéfices face à une situation de baisse drastique du volume du courrier et d’une concurrence accrue.
POLISH
Raport bibliograficzny (Szara literatura) : “British Postal Services Commission” (Postcomm – brytyjska komisja serwisów pocztowych) opublikowała w dniu 27 maja 2010 roku program regulacji dla zrównoważonego serwisu pocztowego.
Opublikowanie przez “British Postal Services Commission” (Postcomm – brytyjska komisja serwisów pocztowych) nowej ramy regulacji w dniu 27 maja 2010 roku, pozwoliło komisji przedstawić w detalch jej zamiary dotyczace regulacji sektoru pocztowego w kolejnych latach po roku 2012. Całość tej nowo opublikowanej regulacji zmierza do adaptacji regulacji pocztowej, w celu umożliwienia Royal Mail-owi (Poczta brytyjska) spełnienia obowiązków dotyczących uniwersalnego serwisu, i jednocześnie realizacji dochodów w sytuacji drastycznego spadku ilości listów i zwiększonej konkurencji.
GERMAN
Buchresenzion: Die "British Postal Services Commission" (Postcomm - Die Britische Postbehörde) hat am 27. Mai 2010 einen Bericht über nachhaltige Postdienste veröffentlicht.
Die "British Postal Services Commission" (Postcomm - die Britische Postbehörde) hat am 27. Mai 2010 einen Bericht veröffentlicht, der die Rahmenvorschriften für die zukünftige Regulierung des Postsektores ab 2012 detailliert. Die Regulierung der Post soll umarbeitet werden, damit die Royal Mait (die britische Post) seine Verpflichtung des öffentlichen Dienstes erfüllen kann, und sogar Gewinne erzielen kann, obwohl die Nachfrage an Postsachen gesunken ist, und die Wettbewerb immer stärker wird.
GREEK
Βιβλιογραφική Αναφορά (Γκρίζα Βιβλιογραφία): Η Postcomm, η Βρετανική Επιτροπή Ταχυδρομικών Υπηρεσιών δημοσιεύει νέο διοικητικό πλαίσιο για ένα βιώσιμο ταχυδρομικό κλάδο στις 27 Μαΐου 2010
Με τη δημοσίευση ενός νέου διοικητικού πλαισίου από την Postcomm, στις 27 Μαΐου 2010, η Βρετανική Επιτροπή Ταχυδρομικών Υπηρεσιών εκθέτει τα σχέδιά της για τη ρύθμιση του τομέα των ταχυδρομικών υπηρεσιών για τα χρόνια μετά το 2012. Το πλαίσιο αυτό έχει ως στόχο την προσαρμογή της νομοθεσίας, έτσι ώστε το Βασιλικό Ταχυδρομείο να είναι σε θέση να εκπληρώσει επικερδώς τις υποχρεώσεις καθολικής υπηρεσίας, καθώς αντιμετωπίζει μείωση του όγκου αλληλογραφίας και αυξημένο ανταγωνισμό.
SPANISH
Postcomm, la Comisión británica de servicios postales, publica el 27 de mayo del 2010 un nuevo marco regulatorio para un servicio postal sostenible.
A través de la publicación del nuevo marco regulatorio de Postomm, la “British Postal Services Commission” (la Comisión británica de servicios postales) del 27 de mayo del 2010, Postcomm define sus planes para regular el sector postal del 2012 en adelante. Este marco tiene como objetivo adaptar la regulación postal para permitir que Royal Mail cumpla de manera rentable las Obligaciones del Servicio Universal, el cual se enfrenta a deterioro drástico del volumen de correo al igual que un gran incremento en la competencia.
CHINESE
书目报告（灰色文献）：The “British Postal Services Commission” (Postcomm —英国邮政行业监管委员会)于2010年5月27日出台了邮政服务行业长期调整规划。
The British Postal Services Commission (Postcomm —英国邮政行业监管委员会)在2010年5月27日公布了新的监管框架，详细说明了其在随后的2012年对于邮政领域调整的意向。此整体框架旨在于配合邮政领域的行业调整，使Royal Mail（英国皇家邮政）能够完全履行其服务义务，实现利润，从而面对投递总量急剧下降和竞争增加的局面。
In The Journal of Regulation the summaries’ translation are done by the Editors and not by the authors
ENGLISH
On December 5, 2011, the United States Postal Service, an agency of the federal government, announced that it would close 252 of its mail processing centers by March 2012, thereby ending the expectation for next-day delivery of intra-zone first-class mail and increasing all delivery times by one day, as well as seek legislative approval for a plethora of other service cuts.
FRENCH
Le 5 décembre 2011, La Poste américaine, une agence fédérale, a annoncé qu’elle fermerait 252 de ses centres de courrier d’ici mars 2012 ainsi mettant fin à la livraison J+1 pour le courrier prioritaire intra-zone et rajoutant un jour à la livraison de tout autre pli, et qu’elle demanderait au Congrès l’autorisation d’effectuer des coupures de service plus significatives encore.
ITALIAN
Il 5 dicembre 2011 il servizio postale degli Stati Uniti, agenzia del governo federale, ha annunciato che chiuderà 252 centri di smistamento per la fine del mese di marzo 2012, mettendo fine alla consegna in 24 ore di posta di prima classe aumentando i tempi di consegna di un giorno. L’agenzia ha inoltre richiesto l’autorizzazione del legislatore per altri tagli di servizio.
The European Medicine Agency (Agence européenne du Médicament - EMA) launched on May 31, 2012 a database, available on an Internet site, indicating "suspicious side effects" of drugs allowed on European Union markets. The information comes both of the different authorities of national regulation of drugs and pharmaceutical companies who spontaneously reported these side effects.
In The Journal of Regulation the summaries’ translation are done by the Editors and not by the authors
ENGLISH
On July 28, 2011, the European Court of Justice rejected an appeal by an Italian digital terrestrial broadcaster against a ruling of the European General Court, which had also rejected an appeal against the European Commission’s condemnation of Italy for having subsidized the purchase or rental by consumers of equipment for the reception of digital terrestrial television broadcast signals, since this was an indirect provision of state aid to the broadcasters.
FRENCH
Le 28 juillet2011,la Cour de Justice de l’Union Européenne a rejetéun appel interjeté parun radiodiffuseuritaliennenumérique terrestrecontre une décisionde la Cour européennede première instance, qui avaitégalement rejetéun recours contrela condamnationprononcée par la Commission européennede l’Italiepour avoirsubventionné l’achatou la locationpar leconsommateurs d’équipementspour la réception detélévision numérique terrestredes signaux de télédiffusion, puisque cefutuneprestation indirecte, constitutived’aides d’Etat au bénéfice des radiodiffuseurs.
SPANISH
El 28 de juliode 2011, elTribunal Europeode Justiciarechazó una apelación deunemisor italianodigital terrestrecontra una resolucióndel Parlamento Europeo ydel Tribunal General,que había rechazadotambiénun recurso de apelacióncontra la condenade la Comisión Europeade Italia por habersubvencionado lacompra o el alquilerdelos consumidoresde los equipospara la recepción deseñales digitales terrestresde televisión, ya que estaera una disposiciónindirecta delas ayudas estatalesa las emisoras.
DEUTSCH
Am28. Juli 2011hatder Gerichtshofder EuropäischenUnioneine Beschwerdevon einem italienischendigitalen terrestrischenSenderzurückgewiesengegen eine Entscheidungdes EuropäischenGerichts Erster Instanz, die auchabgelehnthatteEinspruch gegen der Überzeugung,inder Europäischen KommissionItalien nachdemKauf oder Leasingvon derConsumer-Gerätenzum digitalen terrestrischenFernsehsignaleempfangensubventionierthaben, da es einindirekter Nutzenwar,um eine staatliche Beihilfefür Broadcaster.
ITALIAN
Il 28 luglio 2011, la Corte di Giustizia Europea ha respinto un appello di emittente italiana di digitale terrestre promosso contro una decisione della Corte generale europea. Anche tale Corte aveva respinto l’appello promosso contro la decisione della condanna dello Stato italiano per aver sovvenzionato l’acquisto o l’affitto da parte dei consumatori di un decoder, in quanto costituirebbe un aiuto statale indiretto alle emittenti.
Three terms almost unknown to legal systems. Or at least considered as peculiar to Anglo-American legal systems: Regulation, Supervision, Compliance. So many expressions that would constitute Trojan horses by which the Common Law and american mechanisms would seize the other legal traditions to better bend European companies, especially banks, appropriating institutions, imposing strange methods.
Three words by which the invasion is carried out. Through the violence of repression and penalties of compliance, by the mildness of codes of conduct and corporate social responsibility. By laws as new as strange such as in France the law known as "Sapin 2" or the law instituting a "duty of vigilance" to companies whose failure would be to have successfully deployed internationally their activities.
One can have this defensive conception of Compliance, generating a "Compliance Law", produced by internalization in global economic operators of the Regulation Law, which are then subject to Supervision by Regulators, even though these firms are not regulated, as the Compliance does extend beyond supervised sectors (banks and insurance companies).
We can (and maybe must) have a more welcoming, and therefore more offensive, concept of Compliance. This can be the crucible of a relationship of supra-national Trust between these operators and regulators, the former being able to contribute as the latter to serving goals that all exceed them and whose fight against corruption and money laundering are only examples.
In this way, the issue is the construction of the European Compliance Law.
The French telecommunications and postal regulator (ARCEP – Autorité de regulation des communications électroniques et des postes) has prepared a project of pricing of mobile call termination, that is to say the amount that an operator must pay to reach another user. Thus, when a subscriber of Orange mobile calls a subscriber of Free mobile, Orange gives money to Free. Inversely, when a subscriber of Free mobile calls a user of Orange mobile, Free gives money to Orange. The regulator notes that Free mobile, new entrant, have less subscribers than the three operators, and will therefore receive less money than the others. It's the reason why, it justify to his advantage a temporarily higher pricing, the time it finds its place in the competitive market of mobile phone. On April 12, 2012, the European Commission publicly expressed that the principle of an asymmetric pricing policy is insufficient. The French telecommunications and postal regulator (ARCEP – Autorité de regulation des communications électroniques et des postes) has responded by standing that the principle of asymmetrical pricing was not sufficient and that justifications will be provided.
Complete reference: KOVAR, Jean-Philippe and LASERRE CAPDEVILLE, Jérôme, Droit de la régulation bancaire (Banking regulatory Law), preface by Christian Noyer, RB Éditions, 333 p.
Regulation presupposes that we move from a political conception of Act (that is to say a collective Decision expressed by the State) or a civilist one (that is, a will expressed by one or several individuals in one Contract) to an economic vision of trading organizations whose action is the expression of the market. If one relies on the adjustment of supply and demand, that is to say, the meeting of desires and interests, there will be "self-regulation", which is the "Law of the Market ", referring to competition law. The act of the operators is only a reflection of this law, in action.
La Régulation est alors plus complexe car elle vise autre chose que cette rationalité mécanique, soit en raison d’une défaillance du marché (par exemple en cas de monopole naturel) soit parce qu’on veut obtenir plus que ce que le marché peut donner (par ex. l’accès de tous à des biens communs, comme la santé, même pour des demandeurs insolvables). Dans ce cas, sont élaborées des règlementations, interventions ex ante désignées en anglais par le terme regulation. La règlementation est adéquate si elle incite des agents économiques à adopter des comportements qui concrétisent le but recherché par l’auteur de la règlementation.
Regulation is then more complex because it aims at something other than this mechanical rationality, either because of a market failure (for example in the case of a natural monopoly) or because it wants to obtain more than the market can give ( Eg access to common goods by all, such as health, even for insolvent claimants). In this case, regulations are drawn up, ex ante intervention. The regulation is adequate if it encourages economic agents to adopt behaviors that concretize the aim sought by the author of the regulatory mechanisms.
This strategic use of law then requires the necessary detour through the economic analysis of law, that is to say the analysis of law in its economic effects.
This discipline created in the United States by Ronald Coase (Nobel Prize for Economics in 1991) can be merely descriptive and reveal what economic effects the law produced. This conception, which is that of Richard Posner, makes the economic analysis of law an instrument of expertise for the political decision-maker, who can take this into account if it is necessary to modify the rules. A more radical conception of the so-called "normative economic analysis of law" is to argue that the conclusions of the analysis would oblige the decision-maker to follow it.
The issue is decisive because in the first case the law and the jurists - in particular the Legislator and the judge - still have an autonomous existence, in the second case they no longer exist, they are no more than the binding and explicit form of the "Law of the market" whose nature is a-legal.
Even in its descriptive form, economic analysis of the law is generally rejected in France in that it disregards the role of the law in that it carries moral values. It is in reality to ignore its merely descriptive, instructive and useful function, and the fact that it opens instead the amplitude of the rational choice offered to political decision-makers. Moreover, regulation is not only a technical discipline, it is also a political and philosophical issue. Descriptive economic analysis is more appropriate to it than normative economic analysis of the law, which claims to vassalize or even destroy other disciplines, which are substantially unknown.
