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Translated summaries

The translated summaries are done by the Editors and not by the Authors.

ENGLISH

The main theme of the eighth issue of The Journal of Regulation is that of Neutrality in systems of economic regulation in accordance with the conference that the Journal organized around this issue. This question is essential for a number of reasons: on one hand, companies sometimes demand that regulation be ‘neutral’ in the impact it has on their economic activities. On the other hand, States have other reasons for believing that regulation palliates market failure by using price-fixing to restore neutrality in certain sectors of the economy that are incapable of producing a fair market price. Still others believe that Regulation is not neutral because it intervenes against the neutrality of the market by imposing access to common goods, social policy concerns, etc.

FRENCH

Le principal thème du 8° numéro du Journal of Regulation est la question de la neutralité dans les systèmes de régulation économique, telle qu’elle avait été examinée dans le colloque annuel du Journal. Cette question est essentielle pour un certains nombres de raisons. D’une part, les entreprises exigent parfois que les régulation soient "neutres" dans les activités économiques des entreprises. D’autre part, les Etats peuvent avoir d’autres raisons d’adopter des régulations que de palier des défaillances de marchés, lesquelles sont incapables de produire des prix. Les Etats restaurent alors par leurs interventions une neutralité que les marchés ne peuvent pas techniquement engendrer. D’autres croient encore que la Régulation n’est pas neutre parce qu’elle intervient précisément contre la neutralité du marché, en imposant l’accès pour tous à des biens communs, décisions politiques adoptées pour des considérations de politique sociale.

ITALIAN

Il tema principale di questo ottavo numero de The Journal of Regulation è la Neutralità nei sistemi di regolazione economica in linea con la conferenza organizzata dalla rivista relativamente a tale tema. Tale tema riveste un’importanza fondamentale per diverse ragioni: da un lato, le società talvolta richiesto che tale regolazione sia neutrale rispetto all’impatto provocato sulle loro attività economiche. Inoltre, gli Stati hanno diverse ragioni per considerare che la regolazione riduca il rischio di disfunzioni del mercato usando il potere di fissazione del prezzo garantendo così la neutralità che certi settori sono incapaci di raggiungere in quanto incapaci di stabilire un prezzo equo di mercato. Infine, altri ritengono che la Regolazione non sia neutrale in quanto interviene sulla neutralità del mercato ed impone l’accesso ai beni comuni, obiettivi di politica sociale, ecc.

ESPAGNOL

El tema principal del 8º volumen del Journal of Regulation es a cuestión de la neutralidad en los sistemas de regulación económica, tal como ha sido examinada en coloquio anual del Journal. Esta cuestión es esencial por varias razones. De una parte, las empresas a veces exigen que las regulaciones sean “neutras” en las actividades económicas de las empresas. Por otra parte, los Estados pueden tener otras razones para adoptar regulaciones , a parte de lidiar con los fallos de los mercados, los cuales son incapaces de producir precios. Los Estados restauran, a través de sus intervenciones, una neutralidad que los mercados no pueden engendrar. Algunos siguen pensando que la Regulación no es neutra porque interviene precisamente en contra de la neutralidad del mercado, al imponer el acceso universal a bienes comunes, decisiones políticas adoptadas por consideraciones de política social.

ARABIC

الموضوع الرّئيسي للطبعة الثامنة لمجلة التنظيم هو الحياد في النّواضم الاقتصادية وفقا للمؤتمر أللذي انتظم حول هذه القضية. هذا السّؤال ضروري لأسباب متعدّدة : أوّلا، الشّركات تطلب في بعض الأحيان "محايدة" اللّوائح في تأثير على أنشطتها الاقتصادية. من ناحية أخرى، فإن الدول الأخرى يعتقدون أن التّنظيم يخفّف من فشل السوق بمساعدة استخدام التسعير من أجل استعادة الحياد في القطاعات الاقتصاد غير القادرة على إنتاج سعر السوق العادل. لا يزال البعض يعتقد أن التنظيم ليس محايدا لأنّه يأتي ضدّ الحياد السوق عن طريق اشتراط الحصول على الملكية المشتركة، والمخاوف من السياسة الاجتماعية، الخ

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Other translations forthcoming.

► Full reference: Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and University Jean Moulin - Lyon 3, Centre de recherche Louis Josserand : La contractualisation de la compliance : clause après clause (Compliance contractualisation: clause by clause), 25 September 2026

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🏗️ This symposium is part of the series of symposiums organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and its partner universities, focusing in 2023 on the general theme of Compliance and Contracts.

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The symposium is under the scientific responsibility of Marie-Anne Frison-Roche and Jean-Christophe Roda.

Il will be held in French.

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To register:

🧮The event will take place at the University of Jean Moulin - Lyon 3.

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Presentation of the topic:  There are numerous compliance clauses. Surprisingly little research has been done on them, which hinders the development of this practice. However, the Compliance Obligation that is so often emphasised in relation to civil liability no doubt because Compliance Law is excessively associated with sanctions, can just as easily originate from contracts and multiple clauses, since this is another way of being bound, without it being anything more than a means for the persons thus bound to fulfil their regulatory obligation.

It is therefore practice that has developed compliance clauses, the very existence of which is the subject of this symposium. By highlighting these provisions, their originality can be revealed, as well as the uniqueness conferred on them by Compliance Law and the diversity that may be required depending on criteria related to the purpose of the clauses, but also to the sector of activity or the identity of the contracting parties themselves. 

From this already established practice, it is certainly the Judge who will determine its uniqueness and specificity. This case law is in its infancy because this practice is the result of compliance requirements arising from an emerging branch of Law, which is still under development.

Furthermore, the clauses examined here are not conceived from scratch, but are often adaptations of clauses familiar to lawyers, and as such may be reproduced, regulated, or even restricted or prohibited by rules that fall not only under general Contract Law, but also, clause by clause under Competition Law, Distribution Law, Consumer Law, Judicial and Procedural Law, or Private International law. The logic of Compliance Law, when it takes contractual form, does not always prevail and, in the same way that Compliance Law as a branch of Law is linked to other branches, compliance clauses, if they are to multiply and become more sophisticated, must be subject to this link.

 

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Speakers include:

🎤 Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, university professor, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Director of theEuropean School of Regulation and Compliance (EeRC)É

🎤 Julia Heinich, professor at Panthéon-Sorbonne University (Paris I)

🎤 Jacques Mestre, emeritus professor at the University of Aix-Marseille, president of the French Association of Doctors of Law (AFDD)

🎤 Jean-Christophe Roda, professor at the University of Lyon 3, director of the Louis Josserand research centre

🎤 Laura Sautonie-Laguionie, professor at the University of Bordeaux

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The proceedings of this symposium will form the basis of a specific chapter in the following publications:

📕Compliance et Contrat, to be published in French in the collection 📚Regulations & Compliance, co-published by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Lefebvre-Dalloz.

📘Compliance and Contract, to be published in English in the 📚Compliance & Regulation  Serie, co-published by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant (Larcier-Intersentia).

 

🔻 Read the schedule for the event below ⤵️

 

General reference : Frison-Roche, M.-A. (ed.), Régulation, Supervision, Compliance (english translation: "Regulation, Supervision, Compliance"), Paris, collection "Régulations", Dalloz, 2017, to be published.

This collective book is published in French but summaries of every article are available in English

Acces to book purchase order

Book presentation in English :

Regulation. Supervision. Compliance.

Three terms almost unknown to legal systems. Or at least considered as peculiar to Anglo-American legal systems: Regulation, Supervision, Compliance. So many expressions that would constitute Trojan horses by which the Common Law and american mechanisms would seize the other legal traditions to better bend European companies, especially banks, appropriating institutions, imposing strange methods.

Three words by which the invasion is carried out. Through the violence of repression and penalties of compliance, by the mildness of codes of conduct and corporate social responsibility. By laws as new as strange such as in France the law known as "Sapin 2" or the law instituting a "duty of vigilance" to companies whose failure would be to have successfully deployed internationally their activities.

One can have this defensive conception of Compliance, generating a "Compliance Law", produced by internalization in global economic operators of the Regulation Law, which are then subject to Supervision by Regulators, even though these firms are not regulated, as the Compliance does extend beyond supervised sectors (banks and insurance companies).

We can (and maybe must) have a more welcoming, and therefore more offensive, concept of Compliance. This can be the crucible of a relationship of supra-national Trust between these operators and regulators, the former being able to contribute as the latter to serving goals that all exceed them and whose fight against corruption and money laundering are only examples.

In this way, the issue is the construction of the European Compliance Law.

 

Authors :

• Jean-Bernard Auby,
• Jérôme Bédier,
• Alain Bénichou,
• Jean-Michel Darrois
• Isabelle Falque-Pierrotin,
• Marie-Anne Frison-Roche,
• Benoît de Juvigny,
• Jacques de Larosière,
• Bruno Lasserre,
• Arnaud de La Cotardière,
• Jean-Claude Marin,
• Didier Migaud,,
• Yves Perrier,
• Jean-Marc Sauvé.

 

Voir la présentation du cycle de conférences sur lesquelles s'est construit l'ouvrage.

 

Voir la présentation générale de la collection dans laquelle l'ouvrage est publié.

 

Utiliser le bon pour commander l'ouvrage.

Full reference: Frison-Roche, M.-A., Conflict of interests & "revolving doors"​: what the European Ombudsman said in May 2020, the European Banking Authority agreed in August.Three lessons, Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation, 7th of September 2020

Read by freely subscribing other news of the Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation

 

Summary of the news: 

Supervision and regulation authorities' impartiality and independence are conditioned to the fact that their members do not have any conflict of interest with the sector that they supervise or regulate. Such an absence of conflict of interest is necessary to guarantee a climate of trust between the authority and operators. This supposes that regulation and supervision authority members do not cumulate functions of operator and of regulator/supervision during but also after their mandate in the regulation/supervision authority because the anticipation of a future hiring can influence present decisions. 

On 2nd of August 2019, the executive director of the European Banking Authority (EBA) informed the authority of its willingness to become PDG of the Association des marchés financiers en Europe, lobby of the financial sector. EBA approved this perspective. However, "Change Finance", a civil coalition, sized the European Mediator explaining that such a professional reorientation created an inevitable conflict of interest. The European Mediator reacted on 7th of May 2020 through a recommendation saying that although EBA took preventive measures, theses measures are not sufficient with regard to the risks. In this recommendation, the European Mediator also made some general propositions to manage future conflicts of interest:

• The interdiction for senior managers to have positions able to create a conflict of interest for two years.
• The information of senior managers and candidates to senior managers positions of the actual rules.
• The implementation of internal procedures blocking access to confidential information to the member who notified its willingness to occupy later a position able to constitute a conflict of interest with its current position. 

In a letter of 28th of August 2020, the president of EBA told to the European Mediator that he accepts these remarks and propositions. 

In this particular case, we can draw three lessons:

1. The difficult articulation between independence/impartiality (necessary for trust) and regulator/supervisor expertise. The European Mediator and the ABE are agree that the interdiction to get some positions must be limited in time.
2. The necessity that everyone can anticipate rules correctly.
3. The necessity to preserve legal security. 

1994, 27 April, Municipality of Almelo

Translated summaries

The translated summaries are done by the Editors and not by the Authors.

ENGLISH

The main theme of the eighth issue of The Journal of Regulation is that of Neutrality in systems of economic regulation in accordance with the conference that the Journal organized around this issue. This question is essential for a number of reasons: on one hand, companies sometimes demand that regulation be ‘neutral’ in the impact it has on their economic activities. On the other hand, States have other reasons for believing that regulation palliates market failure by using price-fixing to restore neutrality in certain sectors of the economy that are incapable of producing a fair market price. Still others believe that Regulation is not neutral because it intervenes against the neutrality of the market by imposing access to common goods, social policy concerns, etc.

FRENCH

Le principal thème du 8° numéro du Journal of Regulation est la question de la neutralité dans les systèmes de régulation économique, telle qu’elle avait été examinée dans le colloque annuel du Journal. Cette question est essentielle pour un certains nombres de raisons. D’une part, les entreprises exigent parfois que les régulation soient "neutres" dans les activités économiques des entreprises. D’autre part, les Etats peuvent avoir d’autres raisons d’adopter des régulations que de palier des défaillances de marchés, lesquelles sont incapables de produire des prix. Les Etats restaurent alors par leurs interventions une neutralité que les marchés ne peuvent pas techniquement engendrer. D’autres croient encore que la Régulation n’est pas neutre parce qu’elle intervient précisément contre la neutralité du marché, en imposant l’accès pour tous à des biens communs, décisions politiques adoptées pour des considérations de politique sociale.

ITALIAN

Il tema principale di questo ottavo numero de The Journal of Regulation è la Neutralità nei sistemi di regolazione economica in linea con la conferenza organizzata dalla rivista relativamente a tale tema. Tale tema riveste un’importanza fondamentale per diverse ragioni: da un lato, le società talvolta richiesto che tale regolazione sia neutrale rispetto all’impatto provocato sulle loro attività economiche. Inoltre, gli Stati hanno diverse ragioni per considerare che la regolazione riduca il rischio di disfunzioni del mercato usando il potere di fissazione del prezzo garantendo così la neutralità che certi settori sono incapaci di raggiungere in quanto incapaci di stabilire un prezzo equo di mercato. Infine, altri ritengono che la Regolazione non sia neutrale in quanto interviene sulla neutralità del mercato ed impone l’accesso ai beni comuni, obiettivi di politica sociale, ecc.

ESPAGNOL

El tema principal del 8º volumen del Journal of Regulation es a cuestión de la neutralidad en los sistemas de regulación económica, tal como ha sido examinada en coloquio anual del Journal. Esta cuestión es esencial por varias razones. De una parte, las empresas a veces exigen que las regulaciones sean “neutras” en las actividades económicas de las empresas. Por otra parte, los Estados pueden tener otras razones para adoptar regulaciones , a parte de lidiar con los fallos de los mercados, los cuales son incapaces de producir precios. Los Estados restauran, a través de sus intervenciones, una neutralidad que los mercados no pueden engendrar. Algunos siguen pensando que la Regulación no es neutra porque interviene precisamente en contra de la neutralidad del mercado, al imponer el acceso universal a bienes comunes, decisiones políticas adoptadas por consideraciones de política social.

ARABIC

الموضوع الرّئيسي للطبعة الثامنة لمجلة التنظيم هو الحياد في النّواضم الاقتصادية وفقا للمؤتمر أللذي انتظم حول هذه القضية. هذا السّؤال ضروري لأسباب متعدّدة : أوّلا، الشّركات تطلب في بعض الأحيان "محايدة" اللّوائح في تأثير على أنشطتها الاقتصادية. من ناحية أخرى، فإن الدول الأخرى يعتقدون أن التّنظيم يخفّف من فشل السوق بمساعدة استخدام التسعير من أجل استعادة الحياد في القطاعات الاقتصاد غير القادرة على إنتاج سعر السوق العادل. لا يزال البعض يعتقد أن التنظيم ليس محايدا لأنّه يأتي ضدّ الحياد السوق عن طريق اشتراط الحصول على الملكية المشتركة، والمخاوف من السياسة الاجتماعية، الخ

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Other translations forthcoming.

http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/PRA/Pages/default.aspx
Prudential Regulation Authority
                                              20 Moorgate
                                              London, EC2R 6DA, United Kingdom
​                                              Phone: ​020 3461 7800 / ​020 7066 9870

 

Main information

The European Directive of September 16th 2009 introduces a clear definition of electronic money and establishes a new prudential supervisory regime of the business of electronic money institutions.

Translated Summaries

In The Journal of Regulation the summaries’ translation are done by the Editors and not by the authors

ENGLISH

Thematic Report (Gambling): The European Commission, despite specific taxation measures, has approves the Danish law of liberalisation of online gambling.

On September 20th 2011, the European Commission declared the new law liberalising gambling in Denmark in line with EU rules. This law creates lower taxes for online casinos than for land-based one, and the Commission declared it compatible with European state aid rules, since the positive effects of the liberalisation of the sector outweigh potential distortions of competition.

ITALIAN

Relazione tematica (Scommesse): La Commissione europea, nonostante i provvedimenti di imposizione specifici, ha approvato la legge danese di liberalizzazione di scommesse online.

Il 20 settembre 2011, la Commissione europea ha dichiarato che la nuova legge che prevede la liberalizzazione delle scommesse in Danimarca è conforme alla legislazione europea. Questa legge crea delle tasse meno importanti per i casino online rispetto a quelle che colpiscono i casino fisicamente esistenti. La Commissione ha dichiarato che tale legislazione è conforme alla legislazione europea in materia di aiuti di stato, in quanto gli effetti positivi della liberalizzazione di questo settore hanno un’importanza maggiore delle potenziali distorsioni della concorrenza.

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Other translations forthcoming.

441 G Street Northwest Washington, DC 20548 UNITED STATES Phone : (202) 512-6000