Le livre Concurrence, santé publique, innovation et médicament publié aux éditions L.G.D.J propose une analyse du secteur, dans son oscillation entre la concurrence et la régulation. L’ouvrage est construit sur trois parties. La première est consacrée au Médicament dans la régulation des dépenses de santé, posant ainsi les questions sanitaires dans leurs aspects les plus régaliens, la deuxième envisage la santé dans sa fonction sociale à travers ’Innovation et incitation à la recherche, tandis que la dernière expose Les difficultés des prises en compte par le droit de la concurrence des spécificités du secteur pharmaceutique. Au travers de ces trois parties, c’est une présentation exhaustive des enjeux du droit, de l’économie et de la politique de la santé qui est proposée, posant nettement que cette mixité la fait relever de la régulation davantage que de la concurrence.
Buchrezension : "Concurrence, santé publique, innovation et médicament" (Wettbewerb, öffentliche Gesundheit, Innovation und Medikamente)
Das Buch"Concurrence, santé publique, innovation et médicament"(Wettbewerb, öffentliche Gesundheit, Innovation und Medikamente), herausgeben von L.G.D.J.,ein französischer Verlag, analysiert wie der pharmazeutische Sektor zwischen Wettbewerb und Regulierung schwankt. Das Buch bezieht sich auf drei Teilen. Der erste Teil handelt um die Rolle, die das Medikament im Gesundheitsausgaben spielt. Dadurch können die Gesundheitsfragen in rechtlichem Hinsicht erforscht werden. Im zweiten Teil wird die soziale Funktion der Gesundheitsbranche untersucht, nämlich durch Innovation und Forschungsanreize. Im letzten Teil werden die Schwäche des Wettbewerbsrechts im Bezug zur Berücksichtigung der Besonderheit der pharmazeutischen Branche analysiert. Dadurch können die rechtlichen-, wirtschaftlichen- sowie politischen Einsätze dieses Sektors ausführlich dargestellt werden. Was daraus herauskommt ist, dass die komplexe Vielfalt der Branche sie vielmehr in die Zuständigkeit der Regulatierung als der Wettbewerb fallen lässt.
SPANISH
“Concurrence, santé pubilque, innovation et médicament” (La competencia, la salud pública, la innovación y la medicina), bajo la dirección científica de Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, colección de “Droit et Economie,” L.G.D.J extenso éditions, Paris, enero 2010, 525 páginas.
El libro “Concurrence, santé pubilque, innovation et médicament” (La competencia, la salud pública, la innovación y la medicina), publicado por la editorial francesa L.G.D.J, provee un análisis de las oscilaciones entre la competencia y la regulación del sector farmacéutico. La primera parte del estudio se dedica a “Médicament dans la regulation des dépenses de santé” (El papel de la medicina en la regulación de gastos en salud), lo cual expone cuestiones relacionados a la salud en el aspecto de control gubernamental. La segunda parte concibe la salud a través de su función social, con “Innovation et incitation à la recherche” (La innovación y la incitación para la realización de la investigación). La última parte expilca “Les difficultés des prises en compte par le droit de la concurrence des spécificités du secteur pharmaceutique” (La difícil aprensión del derecho de la competencia de la especificidades del sector farmacéutico). Las tres partes de este estudio ofrecen una detallada presentación sobre los complicaciones involucradas en el derecho de la salud, la economía, la política y también sirve para demostrar que la naturaleza híbrida de este sector lo rinde una cuestión de regulación más que una del derecho de la competencia.
In 2009, a European Observatory of counterfeiting and piracy was established. In May 2012, the European Observatory on Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights took its place, by the effect of a European Union regulation on 19 April 2012. This Observatory has the purpose to improve the understanding of the value of the rights of intellectual property, to measure their effectiveness and to promote the approximation of the laws of the Member States in this area. To do this, it organises meetings between administrations and the private sector and collects information about the laws and applicable case-law. States have to inform him.
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision approved a package of new proposals to strengthen global capital and liquidity regulations for consultation, as part of its comprehensive response to the international financial crisis.
On May 4 and 5, 2010, European energy regulators met at Brussels within the framework of the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER), which was created by the European Union Regulation of July 13, 2009. This meeting took place in parallel to a new session of the General Assembly of the Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER — a voluntary cooperative association of independent national regulators in Europe’s energy sector).
FRENCH
Fiche thématique: L’Agence Européenne de Coopération des Régulateurs de l’Energie (ACER) s’est réunie pour la première fois les 4 et 5 mai 2010
Les 4 et 5 mai 2010 se sont réunis à Bruxelles les régulateurs européens de l’énergie, au sein de l’Agence Européenne de Coopération des Régulateurs de l’Energie (ACER) créée par le Règlement communautaire du 13 juillet 2009. Cette réunion s’est tenue parallèlement à une nouvelle session de l’Assemblée générale du Conseil des Régulateurs Européens de l'Energie (CEER, association volontaire de coopération des régulateurs nationaux indépendants du secteur de l’énergie en Europe).
GERMAN
Thematischer Bericht: die Agentur für die Zusammenarbeit der Energieregulierungsbehörden(AZE) hat am 4. und 5. Mai 2010 sein erstes Treffen veranstaltet.
Am 4. und 5. Mai 2010 haben die europäischen Energieregulatoren haben sich im Rahmen der Agentur für die Zusammenarbeit der Energieregulierungsbehörden (AZE) getroffen. Diese Agentur wurde von der Anordnung des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 13. Juli 2009 gegründen. Dieses Treffen fand parallell zur Sitzung der Rat der Europäischen Energieregulierungsbehörden (REE) statt.
GREEK
Θεματική Έκθεση: Ο Οργανισμός Συνεργασίας των Ρυθμιστικών Αρχών Ενέργειας συνήλθε για πρώτη φορά στις 4 και 5 Μαΐου 2010
Στις 4 και 5 Μαΐου 2010, οι Ευρωπαϊκές ρυθμιστικές αρχές ενέργειας συνήλθαν στις Βρυξέλλες στο πλαίσιο του Οργανισμού Συνεργασίας των Ρυθμιστικών Αρχών Ενέργειας (ACER), ο οποίος ιδρύθηκε με τον Κανονισμό της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης της 13ης Ιουλίου του 2009. Η συνάντηση αυτή πραγματοποιήθηκε παράλληλα με μία νέα σύνοδο της Γενικής Συνέλευσης του Συμβουλίου των Ευρωπαϊκών Αρχών Ενέργειας (CEER- μια εθελοντική οργάνωση συνεργασίας μεταξύ των ανεξάρτητων εθνικών ρυθμιστικών αρχών του τομέα ενέργειας στην Ευρώπη).
POLISH
Karta tematyczna : Europejska Agencja Współpracy Regulatorów Rynków Energii (ACER) zebrała się po raz pierwszy 4 i 5 maja 2010 r.
W dniach 4 i 5 maja 2010 roku w Brukseli miało miejsce spotkanie europejskich regulatorów energii w ramach EuropejskiejAgencji Współpracy Regulatorów Energii (ACER) powołanej rozporzadzeniem wspólnotowym z dnia 13 lipca 2009 roku. Spotkanie to odbyło się podczas kolejnej sesji Zgromadzenia Ogólnego Rady Europejskich Regulatorów Energii (CEER, dobrowolne zrzeszenie mające na celu współpracę niezależnych regulatorów krajowych działających w europejskim sektorze energetycznym).
SPANISH
La Agencia de Cooperación de los Reguladores de la Energía (ACRE) se reunió por primera ver el 4 y 5 de mayo del 2010.
Los reguladores europeos de energía se reunieron en Bruselas el 4 y 5 de mayo del 2010 dentro del marco del la Agencia de Cooperación de los Reguladores de la Energía (ACRE), la cual fue creado por la Regulación de la Unión Europea el 13 de julio del 2009. Esta reunión se llevó a cabo junto con la sesión de la Asamblea General del “Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER – el Consejo europeo de reguladores de energía), lo cual es una asociación voluntaria cooperativa de reguladores nacionales independientes que forman parte del sector europeo de energía.
France Stratégie is the French public body that advises the French Government on economic and social policies.
In January 2015, one of its researchers, Medhi Nemri, published an analytical note: "Demain, l'Internet des objets (Tomorrow, the Internet of Things)".
The release sees the Internet as a "essential facility" whose development capabilities will allow interaction between objects: the "Internet of Things". This world of "connected devices" would be a "tipping".
Indeed, the objects are connected in the industrial system (smart manufacturing) and the municipal utilities are beginning to organize themselves in the same way. The note stresses the importance of fostering an open platform for all public services. Private space is organized in the same way, for example health, but individuals often see these connected objects as gadgets. Yet by the technology platforms, interconnection allows a general improvement of services. The more traditional companies may depend on Internet companies developing these platforms.
The issue of power of this economy are standardization and standard naming of objects. In this ecosystem, data are the creation of economic value.
The author of the paper proposes the idea of a "right to experiment" way to foster innovation. This would in mobility, health management, insurance. The note doesn't specify the consequences of such a "right to experiment": Does this mean a decline in sectoral regulations?
In any case, the note stresses the need to reaffirm the rights of persons and to protect privacy.
Before the rules called Basel III shall apply in Switzerland in 2015, the "Département Fédéral de Finance" (Swiss Federal Department of Finance) of the "Conseil Fédéral Suisse" (Swiss Federal Council) has developed a draft of an ordinance that was subject to public consultation on August 28, 2012. Another text will present later rules about systemic banks. The order will be applicable on the 1st January 2013. But banks, like any anticipator market agent, have not already internalized the rules of Basel III ? In addition, it seems that the criterion of systemic continues to be the size of the agent, but it is not so evident.
In The Journal of Regulation the summaries’ translation are done by the Editors and not by the authors
ENGLISH
On December 5, 2011, the United States Postal Service, an agency of the federal government, announced that it would close 252 of its mail processing centers by March 2012, thereby ending the expectation for next-day delivery of intra-zone first-class mail and increasing all delivery times by one day, as well as seek legislative approval for a plethora of other service cuts.
FRENCH
Le 5 décembre 2011, La Poste américaine, une agence fédérale, a annoncé qu’elle fermerait 252 de ses centres de courrier d’ici mars 2012 ainsi mettant fin à la livraison J+1 pour le courrier prioritaire intra-zone et rajoutant un jour à la livraison de tout autre pli, et qu’elle demanderait au Congrès l’autorisation d’effectuer des coupures de service plus significatives encore.
ITALIAN
Il 5 dicembre 2011 il servizio postale degli Stati Uniti, agenzia del governo federale, ha annunciato che chiuderà 252 centri di smistamento per la fine del mese di marzo 2012, mettendo fine alla consegna in 24 ore di posta di prima classe aumentando i tempi di consegna di un giorno. L’agenzia ha inoltre richiesto l’autorizzazione del legislatore per altri tagli di servizio.
In The Journal of Regulation the summaries’ translation are done by the Editors and not by the authors
ENGLISH
Thematic Report (Media): The French Competition Authority orders the separation of TPS / Canalsatellite and VIVENDI / Canal + following infringement of the terms of their prior merger clearance
On September 20, 2011, the Autorité de la Concurrence (French Competition Authority) examined whether VIVENDI, Universal, and Canal + had respected the remedies they had made in order to obtain merger clearance during their acquisition of TPS and Canalsatellite. This clearance had been granted by the Minister of the Economy on August 30, 2006, on the condition that remedies be made by the acquirers. In 2009, the Competition Authority unilaterally decided to review whether these remedies were kept. Its decision of 2011 ruled that certain remedies were not kept and ordered the breakup of the new entity and the payment of a fine. In doing so, the Competition Authority behaves as though it were a regulator.
ITALIAN
Relazione tematica (Mass-media): L’autorità francese garante della concorrenza ha ordinato la separazione di TPS/Canalsatellite e VIVENDI/Canal + per violazione degli impegni presi nella precedente autorizzazione di fusione
Il 20 settembre 2011 la “Autorité de la Concurrence” (l’autorità francese garante della concorrenza) ha verificato se VIVENDI, Universal e Canal + avevano rispettato gli impegni presi per ottenere la precedente autorizzazione di fusione durante l’acquisto di TPS e Canalsatellite. Questa autorizzazione era stata concesso dal Ministro dell’Economia durante il mese di Agosto 2006, sulla base degli impegni presi dalle società. Nel 2009, l’autorità garante della concorrenza ha unilateralmente deciso di verificare se questi impegni erano stati rispettati. Nella sua decisione del 2011, l’autorità ha deciso che alcuni di questi impegni non erano stati rispettati ed ha ordinato lo scioglimento della nuova entità ed il pagamento di una multa. Così facendo, l’autorità garante della concorrenza si comporta come un’autorità di regolazione.
The concept of 'agency', sometimes confused with the one of 'Regulator', designates a way of deconcentrating the State. Away from a Jacobin outlook, states have indeed gradually devolved their sovereign responsibilities to other institutions, which are often geographically distant from the state's political capital city. These agencies are a form of technical decentralization because they are in charge of operational tasks and specific expertise, e.g., as regards employment, environment or health issues. This model, which is very common in Scandinavian countries, is often associated with federal outlooks, like in the United States. It is still fairly remote to the French model that remains to this day built on the idea of a centralized state. So far, France has only developed a few agencies (e.g., France Trésor, tasked with managing France's government debt and cash positions, or the Regional Health Agencies).
In a different perspective, although the two notions are homonyms, the American financial theory developed the notion of 'agency' to describe the relationship between the corporate officer (the agent) and the shareholder (the principal), who empowers the first to act on his behalf to serve his interest. Information asymmetry and conflict of interest mark this relationship, which explains that this theory helped developing multiple safeguards, conveyed by the Financial Regulation.
