On November 15, 2010, the Autorité de la Concurrence (the French Competition Authority) hosted a meeting on the theme of online gambling and the opening of the market to competition. The first debate concerned sports federations and betting rights.
FRENCH
Rapport bibliographique (Symposium): Symposium de l'Autorité de la Concurrence sur la régulation des jeux en ligne.
Le 15 novembre 2010, l'Autorité de la Concurrence a organisé un colloque sur le thème de la régulation des jeux en lignes et l'ouverture du marché à la concurrence. Le premier débat concernait les fédérations sportives et le droit au pari.
GERMAN
Bibliographischer Bericht (Symposium): Symposium der französischen Wettbewerbsbehörde über die Regulierung von Online-Wetten.
Am 15. November 2010 hat die Autorité de Concurrence (die französische Wettberwerbsbehörde) ein Symposium über die Regulierung von Online-Wetten und die Wettbewerseröffnung dieses Marktes veranstaltert. Im ersten Gespräch wurde das Thema Sportverbände und Wetterecht behandelt.
ITALIAN
Relazione bibliografica (Convegno): Il convegno dell’Autorità francese garante della concorrenza sulla regolazione delle scommesse on-line.
Il 15 novembre 2010, la Autorité de Concurrence (la Autorità francese garante della concorrenza) ospiterà un convegno sul tema delle scommesse on-line dell’apertura del mercato alla libera concorrenza. Il dibattito porterà sulle federazioni sportive e sul diritto a scommettere.
SPANISH
Informe bibliográfico (Simposio): El Simposio francés de la Autoridad de la competencia sobre la regulación del juego en la red.
El 15 de noviembre del 2010, la Autorité de la Concurrence (la Autoridad francesa de la competencia) organizó una reunión sobre el tema del juego en la red y el abrimiento de este mercado a la competencia. El primer debate se centraba en las federaciones deportivas y los derechos de juego.
CHINESE
书目报告（专题论丛）：法国竞争监管机构对于网络游戏监管的讨论。
2010年11月15日，Autorité de la Concurrence（法国反垄断机构竞争事务监察总署）举办了一场以网络游戏监管及开放市场竞争为主题的研讨会。第一期讨论内容涉及与体育协会和赌博活动及其相关权利。
On June 27, 2012, the "Financial Securities Authority – FSA" of the United Kingdom sanctioned the Barclays Bank to have manipulated the Libor. By a chain reaction, on July 6, 2012, the German regulator, Bafin, opened an investigation into banks, with no doubt on Deutsche Bank, while the Japanese regulator, the "Securities Exchange Commission" in the United States, the Canadian competition office, in particular open all investigations since the 6 July concerning all banks within their competence on their statements. In addition, JP Morgan said that it was already the subject of a class action in this regard. The domino effect begins.
The Executive Board of Governors of the North America Federal Bank had only four governors on seven seats established. But two people, Jerome Powell (Banker), and Jeremy Stein (Economist) appointed by the President of the United States Barak Obama, could not take their function, because their appointment in December 2011, was not approved by the Senate. It was enough that two parties will disagree with each other, while Mr. Powell is Republican and Mr. Stein is democratic, to paralyse the whole because of the willingness of opposition of the Republican Senator David Vitter. The JP Morgan case led the two parties to an arrangement and the appointments were approved by the Senate on May 18, 2012.
The Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF- French Prudential Supervision Authority) set up a Scientific Advisory Board under the supervision of its president Gérard Rameix, who is also president of the AMF.
The Scientific Advisory Board chose ‘Financial education in the digital era’ as the theme of its annual conference, which was held on 20 June 2016 in partnership with Paris School of Economics.
The conference was opened by François Villeroy de Galhau, Governor of the Banque de France (France’s central bank). He stated that financial literacy “shall help everyone make informed decisions”. In this regard, financial literacy is a “factor for economic efficiency and social fairness”, which justifies involvement from public authorities- including, namely, the Banque de France. In partnership with both the Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution (ACPR- French Prudential Supervision Authority) and the AMF, the Banque de France ought to be a “caring educator, but an attentive regulator”, as it is “imperative that financial literacy and Regulation should be taken forward jointly, as to allow for new technologies to develop, which would be understood by all and for the benefit of all”.
Three roundtables followed. The first roundtable aimed at assessing financial literacy trends and their impact on the financial behaviour of consumers and investors in Europe. The second session focused on the opportunities opened up by new technologies (upon which Fintechs, e.g., crowdfunding platforms, data aggregators and automated financial advice services are thriving) as regards financial behaviours. Lastly, the third panel discussion, which involved several French (AMF, Institut National de la Consommation- INC, French National Institute for Consumer Affairs) and European (European Commission) Regulators, draw conclusions from the first two roundtables and discussed on the issues that an increasingly digitalised financial education raises for Regulatory authorities.
Since this conference raises many crucial questions for Regulation, it is important to recall what has been said in the panel discussion on the role of Regulator with regards to financial education (I.) before sharing some thoughts on this matter of particular interest (II.).
The Report on The Patent Markets in Knowledge Economy focuses on the development of new forms of “commoditisation” patents (as sold at auction, by brokers’ interventions, electronic platforms...) that lead to a more structured and open market. The difficulties linked to the emergence of those new tools, first and foremost, the valuation of the patents, are real and must not be ignored. However, for the authors of the Report, the great state of uncertainty where we currently find ourselves implies the need for the authorities to be very cautious, despite that fact the opportunities these different Patent Markets present must at the same time lead to a positive and proactive approach. France and Europe (the European level is imperative) must be present in this arena. For these actors, new experiments must undoubtedly be encouraged and the creation of new forms of valorisation must be developed. Simultaneously, the Patent System would have to be reconsidered to ensure the delivery of high quality patents. In sum, the authors of the Report plead for “sustained attention” to be accorded to these questions on behalf of the public authorities.
FRENCH
Rapport bibliographique (Littérature Grise): Les marchés des brevets dans l'économie de la connaissance (The Patent Markets in Knowledge Economy)
Le rapport sur Les marchés des brevets dans l'économie de la connaissance se concentre sur le développement de nouvelles formes de "marchandisation" des brevets (lorsque vendus aux enchères, par l'intervention de courtiers, sur des plateformes électroniques...) qui aboutissent à un marché plus structuré et plus ouvert. Les difficultés liées à l'émergence de ces nouveaux outils, avant tout l'évaluation des brevets, sont réelles et ne doivent pas être ignorées. Cependant, pour les auteurs du rapport, l'état de grande incertitude dans lequel nous sommes aujourd'hui implique des autorités qu'elles soient très précautionneuses, malgré le fait que les possibilités que ces marchés des brevets offrent doivent faire l'objet d'une approche à la fois positive et incitative. La France et l'Europe (le niveau Européen est inévitable) doivent être présentes dans domaine. Pour ces acteurs, de nouvelles formes de valorisation doivent être développées. Simultanément, le système de brevets devrait être reconçu pour assurer la délivrance de brevets de haute qualité. En somme, les auteurs du rapport plaident pour qu'une "attention maintenue" soit accordée à ces questions au nom des autorités publiques.
GERMAN
Bibliographischer Bericht: die Patentmärkte in der Ökonomie des Wissens (The Patent Markets in Knowledge Economy)
Der Bericht über „Die Patentmärkte in der Ökonomie des Wissens“ beschreibt die Entwicklung von neuen Formen der „Kommodifizierung“ und Kommerzialisierung von Patenten (Verkauf auf Auktionen, durch Börsenmakler, auf elektronischen Plattformen…), die zu einem strukturierteren und offeneren Markt führen. Die Schwierigkeiten dieser Kommerzialisierung sind beträchtlich, vor allem im Hinblick auf die Wertbestimmung der Patente. Die Autoren betonen einerseits, dass die allgemeine Ungewissheit, in der wir uns befinden, zur Vorsicht anhält, aber dass andererseits ein proaktives Eingreifen und Regulierung notwendig erscheinen um dieses Potential zu nutzen. Frankreich und vor allem Europa muss in diesem Bereich aktiv werden. Sie müssen sich hier auf unbekanntes Terrain wagen und neue Formen der Bewertung von Patenten erproben. Gleichzeitig sollte jedoch das Patentsystem reformiert werden um eine hohe Qualität der Patente zu sichern. Insgesamt, fordern die Autoren „nachhaltige Aufmerksamkeit“ der öffentlichen Autoritäten zu diesen Fragen.
ITALIAN
Relazione bibliografica (Letteratura Grigia): Les Marchés des brevets dans l’economie de la connaissance (I mercati dei brevetti nell’economia della conoscenza)
La relazione su “I mercati dei brevetti nell’economica della conoscenza” si concentra sullo sviluppo di nuove forme di mercificazione di brevetti (vendita all’asta, per mezzo di intermediari finanziari, piattaforme elettroniche…) che portano verso un mercato più strutturato e più aperto. Le difficoltà legate alla diffusione di questi nuovi meccanismi, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la valutazione dei brevetti, sono reali e non devono essere sottovalutate. Tuttavia, secondo gli autori della relazione, il grande stato di incertezza, in cui versiamo , implica la necessità per le autorità di essere molto caute, nonostante le opportunità offerte da questi mercati dei brevetti e devono indurre ad un approccio positivo e proattivo. La Francia e l’Europa (lo standard europeo è obbligatorio) vanno tenuti in debita considerazione. Per questi operatori, vanno certamente incoraggiate nuove esperienze e sviluppata la creazione di nuove forme di valorizzazione. Nel contempo, il sistema dei brevetti dovrebbe essere riconsiderato in modo da assicurare il rilascio di brevetti di alto livello. In sintesi, gli autori sostengono che le autorità pubbliche debbano accordare una “attenzione sostenuta” a tali questioni.
CHINESE
书目报告（灰色文献）：知识经济中的专利交易(The Patent Markets in Knowledge Economy)
Informe bibliográfico (Literatura Gris): Los mercados de patentes en la economía del conocimiento (The Patent Markets in Knowledge Economy)
El informe Los mercados de patentes en la economía del conocimiento se enfoca en el desarrollo de nuevas formas de patentes de "commoditización" (vendidos en subastas, por intervención de agentes, plataformas electrónicas...) que llevan a un mercado más estructurado y abierto. Las dificultades liadas al surgimiento de esos nuevos instrumentos, primordialmente, la tasación de los patentes, son reales y no deberían de ser ignoradas. Sin embargo, para los autores del informe, el estado de gran incertitud en la cual nos encontramos ahora implica la necesidad de que las autoridad actúen con cautela, pero a pesar de esto, las oportunidades que presentan estos diferentes Mercados de Patentes deberán a la misma vez llevar a una postura positiva y proactiva. Francia y Europa (el nivel europeo es imperativo) deberán de estar presentes en esta arena. Para estos actores, nuevos experimentos deberán ser alentados y la creación de nuevas formas de valoración deberán ser desarrolladas. Simultáneamente, el Sistema de Patentes debería de ser reconsiderado para asegurar la entrega de patentes de alta calidad. En síntesis, los autores del informe le ruegan a las autoridades públicas una mayor "atención sostenida" a estas cuestiones.
