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Updated: April 12, 2010 (Initial publication: April 2, 2010)

Sectorial Analysis

Main information

The Conseil économique, social et environmental (CESE - French Economic, Social, and Environmental Council) criticises the mechanism of the “Carbon Tax” as conceived by the Parliament, and which has currently been abandoned.

Updated: June 4, 2012 (Initial publication: June 4, 2012)

Contributions

Updated: July 4, 2011 (Initial publication: Feb. 17, 2010)

I. Isolated Articles

Updated: March 29, 2011 (Initial publication: Feb. 7, 2011)

I. Isolated Articles

ENGLISH

In order to properly conceive the role of law in the economic sphere, a problem that is usually designated as “good regulation”, it can be instructive to confront what such a concept denotes to one of the most prominent theories of the rule of law in modern societies, the theoryof F. A. Hayek.

FRENCH

 

Article: Régulation et politique. Réflexions sur l’état de droit.

 

Afin d’appréhender adéquatement le rôle de la loi dans la sphère économique – un problème habituellement désigné comme relevant de la « bonne régulation » - il peut être instructif de mettre en relief ce qu’un tel concept apporte à l’une des théories les plus marquantes de l’état de droit dans les sociétés modernes: celle de F. A. Hayek.

 

GERMAN

 

Artikel : Regulierung und Politik : Überlegungen über den Rechtsstaat.

 

Um die Rolle des Gesetzes im wirtschaftlichen Sphäre vollständig erfassen zu können – ein Problem normalerweise mit dem Begriff “good regulation”  benennt wird –ist es nützlich zu betonen, was solch einen Begriff zu einer der wichtigsten Theorie des Rechtstaates im modernen Gesellschaften mit sich bringen kann – und zwar die, von F. A. Hayek.

 

SPANISH

Artículo: Regulación y política: reflexiones sobre el imperio de la ley.

Para poder correctamente concebir el rol de la ley in la esfera económica, un problema que es usualmente designado como ‘buena regulación,’ puede ser instructivo confrontarse a lo que tal concepto denota a una de las teorías más prominentes del imperio de la ley en las sociedades modernas, la teoría de F. A. Hayek. 

ITALIAN
 
Articolo: Politica e regolazione finanziaria: riflessioni sulla norma giuridica
 
Per concepire una norma giuridica in campo economico, problema denominato della “buona regolazione”, può essere interessante riflettere sul contenuto di questo concetto nella teoria di F. A Hayek, una delle più elaborate teorie dello stato di diritto moderno.
 
PORTUGUESE
 
Artigo: Regulação e política: reflexões sobre o Estado de Direito.
Para poder conceber corretamente o papel da lei na esfera econômica (questão usualmente conhecida como “boa regulação”), pode ser instrutivo colocar em relevo o que este conceito revela sobre uma das teorias mais proeminentes do Estado de Direito nas sociedades modernas, a teoria de F. A. Hayek.
 
CHINESE
 
论文:政策与管制:法治层面的反思。
对于经济领域中法律作用的完整领悟通常是一个与 “良性管制” 相关联的问题。将两者进行启发性联系的观点引出了现代社会法治国家最具标志性的理论之一:F.A. Hayek理论。

Updated: April 21, 2011 (Initial publication: April 15, 2011)

I. Isolated Articles

Updated: May 25, 2011 (Initial publication: April 14, 2011)

I. Isolated Articles

ENGLISH:

The statutory audit forms part of the way in which stakeholders in companies obtain reliable financial information, thereby contributing to the efficient working of an open economy. In fact, the statutory audit is above all a matter of confidence. By opining on the reliability and the fairness of financial statements, statutory auditors add confidence to for-profit and not-for-profit relationships, and equally throughout the economy and to society in general.

PORTUGUESE

Artigo (Finanças): Um obstáculo para o desenvolvimento e a emergência de empresas de auditoria de envergadura internacional?

A auditoria legal faz parte do modo segundo o qual os interessados nas empresas (“Stakeholders”) obtêm informação financeira confiável, contribuindo para o funcionamento eficiente de uma economia aberta. Com efeito, a auditoria legal é, acima de tudo, uma questão de confiança. Através da opinião sobre a confiabilidade e a justeza de posições financeiras, auditores legais dão confiança para relações dirigidas ao lucro e relações não dirigidas ao lucro, e também para a economia e a sociedade em geral.

CHINESE:

记事(金融):高水平国际审计事务所的出现及其发展障碍。

 

法定审计是股东获取公司可靠财务信息的一种形式,有助于开放型经济的高效运作。事实上,法定审计的关键在于信任。通过可靠和清晰地财务报表,审计员增进盈利性与非盈利性之间的信任关系,并大体上贯穿于整个经济和当今社会。

GERMAN

Artikel (Finanzen): Ein Hindernis für die Entstehung und Entwicklung von internationalen Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaften?

Die gesetzliche Wirtschaftsprüfung ist eine Quelle verlässlicher finanzieller Informationen für privatwirtschaftliche Interessenvertreter und trägt dadurch zur effizienten Funktionsweise der offenen Marktwirtschaft bei. Gesetzliche Wirtschaftsprüfung ist eine vor allem eine Sache des Vertrauens. Durch die Einschätzung von Verlässlichkeit und Fairness von Finanzberichten, tragen gesetzliche Wirtschaftsprüfer zum Aufbau einer Vertrauensbasis von profitorientierten und nicht-profitorientierten Beziehungen, sowie ganz allgemein für Vertrauen in der Wirtschaft und der Gesellschaft bei.


Updated: Sept. 25, 2012 (Initial publication: Jan. 13, 2012)

Sectorial Analysis

Main information

On December 20, 2011, the European Commission adopted a decision based on the Almark ruling that expounds upon the four conditions necessary so that compensation paid by a State to any state-owned or private company entrusted with the operation of a public service not require prior notification of the European Commission, despite the general prohibition on State Aids. Each state has a wide margin of discretion in the definition of services that could be classified as being services of general economic interest. A communication and de minimis regulation will complete this decision.

Updated: Sept. 25, 2012 (Initial publication: March 2, 2010)

Sectorial Analysis

Main information

The Law of 9 February 2010 transforms the status of La Poste (the French Postal Service) into a Public Limited Company ({Société Anonyme}) from 1st March 2010 and organises postal activities, especially as relates to national and regional development programmes.

Updated: Sept. 19, 2012 (Initial publication: July 12, 2012)

Sectorial Analysis

Translated summaries

 

ENGLISH

France and Italy had subsidized rail alpine highway, but the project was behind schedule. Thus, an prolongation of governments support was necessary. The European Commission admittedit in its decision of 11 June 2012, because States are committed the concession will be effective on June 30, 2013 and mostly because this mode of transport will be an alternative to transporting goods.

 

FRENCH

La France et l’Italie avaient subventionné l’autoroute ferroviaire alpine, mais le projet a pris du retard. Ainsi, une prolongation du soutien des gouvernements était nécessaire. La Commission européenne l'a admis dans sa décision du 11 Juin 2012, parce que les États se sont engagés et que la concession sera effective le 30 juin, 2013, surtout parce que ce mode de transport sera une alternative au transport routiers par camions des marchandises.

Updated: June 19, 2012 (Initial publication: June 14, 2012)

Neutrality in Systems of Economic Regulation

TRANSLATED SUMMARIES

ENGLISH

"Acting in a neutral way" is an oxymoron. "Companies often require however that States use their powers in a neutral way (eg tax neutrality). In regulated sectors, some are right or even duty , of not being neutral. Firstly, it is the State, which requires the market for other purposes, other temporalities and other values​​. Secondly, they are also the "crucial operators", which are sort of regulators of second degree, such as transmission system operators or companies capital markets firms. The difficulty increases when the systeme requires neutrality of regulators and judges, when first build economic policy and the second create jurisprudence. Their consistency, impartiality and rationality can create an objectifiable neutralitys

FRENCH

«Agir de façon neutre» est un oxymoron. «Les entreprises ont souvent besoin, cependant, que les États utilisent leurs pouvoirs de manière neutre (neutralité fiscale par exemple).

Dans les secteurs réglementés, certains ont le droit ou même le devoir de ne pas être neutre. Tout d’abord, c’est l’État, qui insère le marché à d’autres fins, d’autres temporalités et d’autres valeurs. En second lieu, ils sont aussi les «opérateurs crucial», qui sont des sortes de régulateurs du second degré : par exemple les opérateurs de réseaux de transport ou de entreprises de marchés financiers.

La difficulté augmente lorsque le systeme économique et politique exige la neutralité des autorités de régulation et des juges, alors que les premiers construisent la politique économique et les seconds construisent la jurisprudence. Le respect qu'ils doivent avoir de l'impartialité et d'une rationalité suffisamment objectivables pourra permettre cette objectivité requise.