In The Journal of Regulation the summaries’ translation are done by the Editors and not by the authors
ENGLISH
At first sight, the notion of the neutrality of the State seems to be obvious and simple, almost a pleonasm. Being above isolated individuals, the State is responsible for the general interest, even envisioned on a long-term basis. However when one gets deeper into the analysis, this first observation, evident at first sight, must be mitigated and qualified.
FRENCH
A première vue,la notionde la neutralité del’Etatsemble êtreévidente et simple,presque un pléonasme. Etant au-dessusd’ individus isolés, l’Étatest responsable del’intérêt général, mêmeenvisagésur le long terme.Toutefois, A aller plus loin dans l’analyse,cette première observation,évidenteà première vue,doiventêtre atténués etexpliquée.
SPANISH
A primera vista, la noción de la neutralidad estatal parece ser obvio y simple, casi un pleonasmo. Estando por encima de los individuos aislados, el Estado es responsable por el interés general, aun cuando considerado a largo plazo. Pero cuando uno se sumerge en el análisis, esta primera observación, evidente a primera vista, puede ser mitigado y calificado.
ITALIAN
A prima vista, la nozione di neutralità dello Stato sembra un concetto ovvio e semplice, quasi un pleonasmo. Lo Stato, al di sopra degli individui singolarmente considerati, è responsabile dell’interesse generale, persino a lungo termine. Tuttavia, quando si analizza in modo più approfondito tale concetto, questa prima osservazione, evidente a prima vista, deve essere relativizzata e specificata.
In the Unites States, the Federal Act, the Interstate Wire Act, is now performed by the Department of Justice as that only prohibiting sports betting and not poker online. In addition, States have to make arrangements if they want to liberalize the game of poker online. In February 2012, there is that many States have explicitly maintained the ban, only having liberalized and permits issued for Nevada.
A report, published by the United States Postal Service (USPS) on March 2, 2010, presents the difficult economic situation facing the USPS (declines in volume of mail and huge budget deficits), and the ambitious economic and political measures that will have to be taken in order to maintain universal postal service in the United States.
A report, published by the United States Postal Service (USPS) on March 2, 2010, presents the difficult economic situation facing the USPS (declines in volume of mail and huge budget deficits), and the ambitious economic and political measures that will have to be taken in order to maintain universal postal service in the United States.
On April 10, 2012, the Italian Ministry of Economic Development, Mr Corrado Passera, declared that the frequencies of digital terrestrial television (DTT) have a significant economic value and that it is not fair that the State, which owns it, gives them for nothing. This is why Mr Corrado Passera will implement the policy decision announced by the Council President, Mario Monti, who want to organise auctions to sell these frequencies to the highest bidder. "The auctioning will be made by frequency packages". The model of auctioning will be the same as that followed for the 4th generation mobile phone frequencies. In France, the frequencies are sold in telephony, but not in audiovisual material.
In The Journal of Regulation the summaries’ translation are done by the Editors and not by the authors
ENGLISH
Bibliographic Report (Book): The regulation of industrial networks, what evolutions and perspectives in France and in Europe? by Fondation Nationale Entreprise et Performance
Full citation: Fondation nationale Entreprise et Performance, La régulation des réseaux industriels. Quelles évolutions et perspectives en France et en Europe?, Preface Hagelsteen, Marie-Dominique, 105 p., La documentation Française, 2011.
Report by Marie-Anne Frison-RocheManaging Editor and Director
This report ambits to improve the regulation of industrial networks in France and in Europe. Therefore, the Fondation nationale Entreprise et Performance (FNEP) concentrates its study on industrial networks, a category in which it includes telecommunications, energy, rail transportation, and postal services, in France and in Europe. The report proposes new rules or adaptations to old ones in order to increase regulators’ independence, efficacy, and oversight. It then suggests rules be modified to allow for the implementation of regulation at the European level, whenever the relevant market is European in scale.
FRENCH
Compte-rendu bibliographique (Livre): La régulation des réseaux industriels. Quelles évolutions et perspectives en France et en Europe ? par Fondation Nationale Entreprise et Performance.
Compte-rendu faite par Marie-Anne Frison-Roche
Ce rapportambitieux vise à améliorer larégulation des réseauxindustriels en France eten Europe.Par conséquent, laFondation nationaleEntreprise etPerformance(FNEP)concentreson étude sur lesréseaux industriels,une catégorie dans laquellele rapport inclutles télécommunications, l’énergie,le transport ferroviaire,et les services postaux,en France eten Europe.Le rapportpropose de nouvelles règlesou des adaptationsde précédentes, afin d’accroîtrel’indépendance des régulateurs, d’augmenter l’efficacité et la surveillance.Il propose ensuite que des règlessoientmodifiées pour permettrela mise en œuvrede la régulation auniveau européen, chaque fois quele marché pertinent estde dimension européenne.
ITALIAN
Relazione bibliografica (Libri): III-1.9: La regolazione delle reti industriali. Quali sono le evoluzioni e le prospettive in Francia e in Europa? A cura della Fondation Nationale Entreprise et Performance
Questa relazione punta a migliorare la regolazione delle reti industriali in Francia e in Europa. Tuttavia la “Fondation Nationale Entreprise et Performance” (FNEP) focalizza la sua attenzione sulle reti industriali, una categoria che include le telecomunicazioni, l’energia, il trasporto ferroviario ed i servizi postali, in Francia ed in Europa. La relazione propone delle nuove regole o una modifica delle regole esistenti per aumentare l’indipendenza, l’efficacia e la vigilanza delle autorità di regolazione. Inoltre, propone di modificare alcune norme per permettere l’applicazione della regolazione al livello europeo, ogni volta che il mercato rilevante è quello europeo.
The Report on The Patent Markets in Knowledge Economy focuses on the development of new forms of “commoditisation” patents (as sold at auction, by brokers’ interventions, electronic platforms...) that lead to a more structured and open market. The difficulties linked to the emergence of those new tools, first and foremost, the valuation of the patents, are real and must not be ignored. However, for the authors of the Report, the great state of uncertainty where we currently find ourselves implies the need for the authorities to be very cautious, despite that fact the opportunities these different Patent Markets present must at the same time lead to a positive and proactive approach. France and Europe (the European level is imperative) must be present in this arena. For these actors, new experiments must undoubtedly be encouraged and the creation of new forms of valorisation must be developed. Simultaneously, the Patent System would have to be reconsidered to ensure the delivery of high quality patents. In sum, the authors of the Report plead for “sustained attention” to be accorded to these questions on behalf of the public authorities.
FRENCH
Rapport bibliographique (Littérature Grise): Les marchés des brevets dans l'économie de la connaissance (The Patent Markets in Knowledge Economy)
Le rapport sur Les marchés des brevets dans l'économie de la connaissance se concentre sur le développement de nouvelles formes de "marchandisation" des brevets (lorsque vendus aux enchères, par l'intervention de courtiers, sur des plateformes électroniques...) qui aboutissent à un marché plus structuré et plus ouvert. Les difficultés liées à l'émergence de ces nouveaux outils, avant tout l'évaluation des brevets, sont réelles et ne doivent pas être ignorées. Cependant, pour les auteurs du rapport, l'état de grande incertitude dans lequel nous sommes aujourd'hui implique des autorités qu'elles soient très précautionneuses, malgré le fait que les possibilités que ces marchés des brevets offrent doivent faire l'objet d'une approche à la fois positive et incitative. La France et l'Europe (le niveau Européen est inévitable) doivent être présentes dans domaine. Pour ces acteurs, de nouvelles formes de valorisation doivent être développées. Simultanément, le système de brevets devrait être reconçu pour assurer la délivrance de brevets de haute qualité. En somme, les auteurs du rapport plaident pour qu'une "attention maintenue" soit accordée à ces questions au nom des autorités publiques.
GERMAN
Bibliographischer Bericht: die Patentmärkte in der Ökonomie des Wissens (The Patent Markets in Knowledge Economy)
Der Bericht über „Die Patentmärkte in der Ökonomie des Wissens“ beschreibt die Entwicklung von neuen Formen der „Kommodifizierung“ und Kommerzialisierung von Patenten (Verkauf auf Auktionen, durch Börsenmakler, auf elektronischen Plattformen…), die zu einem strukturierteren und offeneren Markt führen. Die Schwierigkeiten dieser Kommerzialisierung sind beträchtlich, vor allem im Hinblick auf die Wertbestimmung der Patente. Die Autoren betonen einerseits, dass die allgemeine Ungewissheit, in der wir uns befinden, zur Vorsicht anhält, aber dass andererseits ein proaktives Eingreifen und Regulierung notwendig erscheinen um dieses Potential zu nutzen. Frankreich und vor allem Europa muss in diesem Bereich aktiv werden. Sie müssen sich hier auf unbekanntes Terrain wagen und neue Formen der Bewertung von Patenten erproben. Gleichzeitig sollte jedoch das Patentsystem reformiert werden um eine hohe Qualität der Patente zu sichern. Insgesamt, fordern die Autoren „nachhaltige Aufmerksamkeit“ der öffentlichen Autoritäten zu diesen Fragen.
ITALIAN
Relazione bibliografica (Letteratura Grigia): Les Marchés des brevets dans l’economie de la connaissance (I mercati dei brevetti nell’economia della conoscenza)
La relazione su “I mercati dei brevetti nell’economica della conoscenza” si concentra sullo sviluppo di nuove forme di mercificazione di brevetti (vendita all’asta, per mezzo di intermediari finanziari, piattaforme elettroniche…) che portano verso un mercato più strutturato e più aperto. Le difficoltà legate alla diffusione di questi nuovi meccanismi, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la valutazione dei brevetti, sono reali e non devono essere sottovalutate. Tuttavia, secondo gli autori della relazione, il grande stato di incertezza, in cui versiamo , implica la necessità per le autorità di essere molto caute, nonostante le opportunità offerte da questi mercati dei brevetti e devono indurre ad un approccio positivo e proattivo. La Francia e l’Europa (lo standard europeo è obbligatorio) vanno tenuti in debita considerazione. Per questi operatori, vanno certamente incoraggiate nuove esperienze e sviluppata la creazione di nuove forme di valorizzazione. Nel contempo, il sistema dei brevetti dovrebbe essere riconsiderato in modo da assicurare il rilascio di brevetti di alto livello. In sintesi, gli autori sostengono che le autorità pubbliche debbano accordare una “attenzione sostenuta” a tali questioni.
CHINESE
书目报告（灰色文献）：知识经济中的专利交易(The Patent Markets in Knowledge Economy)
Informe bibliográfico (Literatura Gris): Los mercados de patentes en la economía del conocimiento (The Patent Markets in Knowledge Economy)
El informe Los mercados de patentes en la economía del conocimiento se enfoca en el desarrollo de nuevas formas de patentes de "commoditización" (vendidos en subastas, por intervención de agentes, plataformas electrónicas...) que llevan a un mercado más estructurado y abierto. Las dificultades liadas al surgimiento de esos nuevos instrumentos, primordialmente, la tasación de los patentes, son reales y no deberían de ser ignoradas. Sin embargo, para los autores del informe, el estado de gran incertitud en la cual nos encontramos ahora implica la necesidad de que las autoridad actúen con cautela, pero a pesar de esto, las oportunidades que presentan estos diferentes Mercados de Patentes deberán a la misma vez llevar a una postura positiva y proactiva. Francia y Europa (el nivel europeo es imperativo) deberán de estar presentes en esta arena. Para estos actores, nuevos experimentos deberán ser alentados y la creación de nuevas formas de valoración deberán ser desarrolladas. Simultáneamente, el Sistema de Patentes debería de ser reconsiderado para asegurar la entrega de patentes de alta calidad. En síntesis, los autores del informe le ruegan a las autoridades públicas una mayor "atención sostenida" a estas cuestiones.
In The Journal of Regulation the summaries’ translation are done by the Editors and not by the authors
ENGLISH
Bibliographic Report (Book): Libéralisation et services publics : économie postale [Liberalization and Public Services: Postal Economics] by François Boldron, Claire Borsenberger, Denis Joram, Sébastien Lecou, and Bernard Roy.
The authors of Liberalization and Public Services: Postal Economics set out to provide a complete and comprehensive economic study of the challenges and possibilities engendered by the liberalization of the French Postal Service. Using experiences from other countries and industries, as well as taking into account the specificities of France’s postal service, the authors have used economic studies to provide an exhaustive account of what the contours of the postal service of the future may be.
ITALIAN
Relazione bibliografica (Libri) : Libéralisation et services publics : économie postale [Liberalizzazione e Servizi pubblici: economia postale] di François Boldron, Claire Borsenberger, Denis Joram, Sébastien Lecou, and Bernard Roy.
Gli autori di “Libéralisation et services publics : économie postale” (Liberalizzazione e Servizi pubblici: economia postale) cercano di predisporre uno studio economico completo e comprensivo delle sfide e delle possibilità generate dalla liberalizzazione del servizio postale francese. Utilizzando le esperienze di altri paesi e di altre industrie, e prendendo in considerazione le specificità del servizio postale francese, gli autori hanno usato studi economici per definire il possibile futuro del sevizio postale.
In response to the scandal of the drug called the" Médiator", politics, believing that the regulatory authority of medicinal product had not correctly done his job, responded by an act on December, 29 2011 providing the replacement of Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé (Afssaps-) (French Agency for the Safety of Health Product) by The Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament (ANSM) (National Agency for safety of medicinal product). The implementing decree organising the regulatory authority was released on April 29, 2012, that allowing the effective implementation of the new authority on the scheduled date: 1 may 2012. There is continuity between the two authorities: it is the same Professor of medicine who is the executive chairman, who was appointed at the head of the Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé (Afssaps-) (French Agency for the Safety of Health Product) following the case of the" Médiator", and became the executive chairman of the (National Agency for safety of medicinal product). But the new authority must strengthen its own expertise; this allows therefore an increased autonomy to avoid capture by asymmetry of information for the benefit of pharmaceutical laboratories. The new Act also wants to avoid the links of interests, which lead to the same result of ineffectiveness of the control, and with a focus on transparency as an operating principle.
