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Updated: May 9, 2012 (Initial publication: April 29, 2012)

Breaking news

The elections in Senegal bring in power a new President of the Republic. Almost immediately after, the Director General of the Autorité de Régulation des Télécommunications et des Postes (ARTP) – (Regulatory authority of telecommunications and posts) is replaced. It took the form of a Decree of April 19, 2012. The new Director General is Mr Ndongo who is Telecommunications engineer.

Updated: April 21, 2011 (Initial publication: April 15, 2011)

I. Isolated Articles

June 25, 2019

Breaking news

Le 24 juin 2019, le Régulateur irlandais a publié un rapport visant à participer à la consultation publique lancée par le ministère de la Communication, portant à la fois sur la façon dont il convient de transposer la directive européenne sur les services audiovisuels  et sur la perspective d'une loi nationale sur la "régulation des contenus dommageables sur les plateformes en ligne".

Pour le Régulateur, le rapprochement des deux actes législateurs offre une opportunité d'une régulation globale des "médias en ligne", offrant à l'internaute une "sécurité" que la simple transposition de la Directive ne permet pas. Ainsi la seconde loi complétera la première.

Pour le Régulateur, la loi nationale à adopter doit permettre au Régulateur de donner une pleine sécurité à l'internaute irlandais ("online safety"), en retirant les contenants violents ou dommageables (le terme harmful est difficile à traduire par un seul mot en français) et en l'avertissant à propos de ceux-ci. 

Comme l'explicite le rapport (p.52) :

The BAI considers that the following four strategic objectives and responsibilities are relevant for an online safety regulator operating within the new media regulatory structure: • Rectifying serious harms occurring to Irish residents through their use of online services. • Ensuring that individuals and members of groups that are frequently subject to harmful online content can fully benefit from digital technology and social media. • Reducing online harms by introducing online safety rules for online platforms. • Promoting responsibility and awareness of online safety issues among the general population and industry. To fulfil these objectives and responsibilities, the BAI considers that the Online Safety Regulator could have the following three functions:

1. Operating a statutory mechanism to remove harmful online content that directly affects Irish residents (Rectification of Harm)

2. Developing and enforcing an online safety code for Irish-resident online platforms (Minimisation of the potential for Harm)

3. Promoting awareness of online safety issues among the public and industry (Preventing Harm). Ensuring that online services play a more effective role in tackling online safety issues can provide wide, “collective” benefits to large numbers of individuals simultaneously.

Visant expressément Youtube et Facebook, qui en Europe ont choisi de se localiser en Irland, le Régulateur demande une Régulation des plateformes de partage de vidéos qui doit, à travers un Code s'appliquant à eux, permettre de régir leur activité qui se déploie à travers toute l'Europe. Ce Code aurait vocation à rappeler en premier le principe de la libre expression. Tout en organiser la "sécurité en ligne" de l'internaute.

Le Régulateur irlandais des Médias sera en charge de cela. Et puisque les opérateurs sont localisés en Irlande, ses conceptions et ses actions auront donc un effet européen : comme le dit le Président de l'Autorité de Régulation lui-même : " This is a particularly important issue for this country, given that many of the majoar international platforms are based her. Ireland has a unique opportunity - and responsability - to lead the debate and chart the way forward in relation to online safety and regulation". 

 

____

 

"to lead" ?

Il n'est pas certain que les autres régulateurs nationaux ni la Commission européenne partagent une telle conception irlando-centriste de la régulation euroréenne des médias.

 

 

Updated: Dec. 21, 2010 (Initial publication: Dec. 20, 2010)

Symposiums

ENGLISH

The Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation, et de la repression des fraudes (DGCCRF – The French Directorate General for Competition, Consumer Affairs, and Repression of Fraud) organized a Competition Workshop on the theme “Transportation and Competition” that took place at the Ministry of Economics, Finance, and Industry, in Paris, on December 16, 2010. These workshops, which are half-day conferences on a given theme, have been organized by the DGCCRF multiple times a year on various themes since 1994. This event was chaired by Anne Wachsmann, a lawyer at Linklaters, and Christophe Lemaire, a teaching assistant at the Law School of the Sorbonne, and a lawyer at Ashurst.

 

FRENCH

Fiche bibliographique (transports) : La Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation, et de la répression des fraudes a organisé un Atelier de la Concurrence sur le thème "Transports et Concurrence"

La Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation, et de la répression des fraudes a organisé un Atelier de la Concurrence sur le thème "Transports et Concurrence" qui a eu lieu au Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie à Paris, le 16 décembre 2010. Ces ateliers, qui sont des colloques d'une demie-journée sur un thème donné, sont organisés par la DGCCRF plusieurs fois par an depuis 1994. Cet atelier a été présidé par Maître Anne Wachsmann, avocat chez Linklaters, Paris, et Maître Christophe Lemaire, maître de conférences à l'Ecole de  Droit de la Sorbonne et avocat chez Ashurst, Paris.

GERMAN

 

Die Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation, et de la repression des fraudes (DGCCRF – die französische Hauptleitung für Wettbewerb, Konsumierung und Betrugsahndung) hat ein Wettbewerbsarbeitstreffen um dem Thema « Verkehr und Wettbewerb » organisiert. Er fand statt im Gebäude des Minsisteriums für Wirtschaft, Finanz und Industrie in Paris am 16. Dezember 2010. Solche Arbeitstage, die eigentlich ein halbes Tag lang dauern, wurden seit 1994 bei der DGCCRF mehrmals im Jahr organisiert. Diese Konferenz wurde von Anne Wachsmann, Rechtsanwältin für Linklaters, und Christophe Lemaire, wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter an der Sorbonner Rechtsschule, und Rechstanwalt für Ashurst, geleitet. 

 

SPANISH

 

La Directiva general francesa para la competencia, asuntos del consumidor y la represión del fraude organiza un Taller de Competencia sobre el tema de “Transporte y Competencia.”

La Direction générale de la concurrance, de la consommation, et de la repression des fraudes (DGCCRF - Directiva general francesa para la competencia, asuntos del consumidor y la represión del fraude) organizó un  Taller de Competencia sobre “Transporte y Competencia” que se llevó a cabo en el Ministerio de Economía, Finanza e Industria en Paris el 16 de diciembre del 2010. Estos talleres, que son de una duración de medio día, han sido organizados por el DGCCRF en múltiples ocasiones a lo largo del año sobre varios temas desde 1994. Este evento fue dirigido por Anne Wachsmann, una abogada de Linklaters, Cristophe Lemaire, un profesor asistente en la Universidad Sorbonne, y un abogado proveniente de Ashurst.  

ITALIAN
 
Relazione bibliografica (Convegno): La Direzione generale in materia di concorrenza, diritto del consumo e repressione delle frodi organizza un convegno sul tema “Trasporto e Concorrenza”
Il 16 dicembre 2010 la Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation, et de la repression des fraudes (la DGCCRF – la Direzione generale in materia di concorrenza, diritto del consumo e repressione delle frodi) h organizzato un convegno sul tema “Trasporti e Concorrenza”, tenutosi presso il Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze a Parigi. Questi convegni, delle mezze giornate di conferenza su un tema predeterminato, sono stati organizzati diverse volte l’anno dalla DGCCRF su diversi temi sin dal 1994. Questo convegno era presieduto da Anne Wachsmann, avvocato presso lo studio Linklaters, e Christophe Lemaire, professore dell’Ecole de Droit della Sorbona, e da un avvocato di Ashurst.

CHINESE
书目报告(专题论丛):Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation, et de la répression des fraudes DGCCRF-法国竞争、消费暨打击欺诈商业行为总署)举办了一期以“运输与竞争”为主题的研讨会
Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation, et de la répression des fraudes(DGCCRF-法国竞争、消费暨打击欺诈商业行为总署)于2010年12月16日在经济、财政和工业部举办了一期以“运输与竞争”为主题的研讨会。自1994年起,针对与其类似的单项议题的半日制研讨会已由DGCCRF举办多次 。此次研讨会由巴黎Linklaters 律师事务所律师Maître Anne Wachsmann以 及巴黎一大法学院讲师、巴黎Ashurst 律师事务所律师Christophe Lemaire主持。

 

Other translations forthcoming.

Updated: Dec. 8, 2011 (Initial publication: Oct. 5, 2011)

Neutrality in Systems of Economic Regulation

Translated Summaries


ENGLISH

The subject of neutrality brings to my mind a certain number of preliminary ideas and reminiscences.

First of all, the image of Buddha comes to mind, because it alone expresses the extent to which neutrality is an endless subject, since by thinking about the fact that he isn’t thinking about anything, Buddha is still thinking about something. It also makes me think of contemporary music’s constant attempts to attain a form of neutrality: yet this goal remains unattainable, because it is evident that the search for the neutral, in a sound or a timbre, can probably never be found.

 

FRENCH

Tout d’abord, la figure du Bouddha, qui exprime à elle seule combien la question de la neutralité est un thème sans fin, car en pensant qu’il ne pense à rien, le Bouddha pense malgré tout à quelque chose.

Il me fait penser aussi à la musique contemporaine, à son souci constant d’atteindre une forme de neutralité ; préoccupation à jamais déçue lorsqu’elle reconnaît ultimement que le neutre, en ayant toujours une qualité – un son, un timbre - est probablement introuvable.

 

SPANISH

El principio de los estándares de la neutralidad (el ejemplo de estándares de contabilidad)

El tema de la neutralidad trae a luz un cierto número de ideas preliminares.

Para comenzar, la figura de Buda viene a mente, porque él sólo expresa la naturaleza interminable que es el tema de la neutralidad, ya que al pensar en el hecho de que él no piensa en absolutamente nada, Buda aún así piensa en algo. También me hace pensar el intento constante de la música contemporánea de alcanzar una forma de neutralidad: pero este objetivo permanece inalcanzable, porque es evidente que la búsqueda de lo neutral, en un sonido o un timbre, probablemente nunca se podrá encontrar.

.....................

Other translations forthcoming.

Doctrine

Complete reference: KOVAR, Jean-Philippe and LASERRE CAPDEVILLE, Jérôme, Droit de la régulation bancaire (Banking regulatory Law) , preface by Christian Noyer, RB Éditions, 333 p.

Read the coverback.

Read the table of contents.

Aug. 14, 2019

Breaking news

Compliance Law, like Regulatory Law, of which it is an extension, is an Ex Ante Law.

It translates into a set of obligations that companies must perform to ensure that harmful behavior does not occur, such as bribery, money laundering, pollution, etc.

This results in "structural" obligations, such as the establishment of a risk map, a third-party vigilance system, internal controls, the adoption of codes.

The practical question that arises is whether to punish a company, it is necessary but it is sufficient that the company has not adopted these structural measures, or if it is also necessary that within it or through the persons whom it must be accountable (through the corporate officers and the employees, but also the suppliers, the sub-contractors, the financed operators, etc.) there were behaviors that Compliance Law prohibits, for example corruption, money laundering, pollution, safety-related accident, etc.

The question is probative. Its practical stake is considerable.

Because to obtain the conviction the prosecuting authority will have to demonstrate not only a failure in the structural device but also a behavioral failure.

Si l'on considère que le Droit de la Compliance est à la fois sur l'Ex Ante et sur l'Ex Post, alors l'autorité de poursuite qui requiert une sanction doit démontrer qu'il y a un comportement reprochable (Ex Post) et qu'à cela correspond une défaillance structurelle (par exemple le compte bancaire anormal n'a pas été signalé) ; si l'on considère que le Droit de la Compliance est purement en Ex Ante, alors même s'il n'y a pas de comportement reprochable en Ex Post, la seule défaillance structurelle suffit pour que l'entreprise qui doit l'organiser en son sein soit sanctionné.

If we consider that Compliance Law is both on the Ex Ante and the Ex Post, then the prosecuting authority that requires a sanction must show that there is a reprehensible behavior (Ex Post ) and that this corresponds to a structural failure (for example the abnormal bank account has not been reported); if we consider that Compliance Law is purely Ex Ante, then even if there is no reprehensible behavior in Ex Post, the only structural failure is enough for the company to be sanctioned, even if it does its best efforts, even if no prohibited behavior will have accured in Ex Post.  

The second system, which is much more repressive and places a considerable burden on companies, even if there is no proven illicit behavior, is that of French Law, probably because of a tendency towards Ex Ante organization. ..

Mais il faut garder mesure. Et cette mesure est probatoire.

But we must keep measure. And this measure is probative.

This is what the Commission des Sanctions of the Agence Française Anticorruption -AFA (French Anti-Corruption Agency's Sanctions Committee) has just said, in its decision of 4 July 2019, SAS S. et Madame C.,(written in French) contradicting the position of its director, who acted as the prosecuting authority. This is yet another general proof of the autonomy of the Sanctions Committee vis-à-vis to the Administrative Authority of which it is a part, and in relation to its director, who nevertheless governs it. But, jurisdictional model obliges, he has here the status of prosecuting authority, is subject to the regime of this one and not to the regime of head of the entity. Demonstration of the "functional autonomy" of the sanctioning bodies within the administrative regulatory and compliance authorities.

Indeed, this important decision expresses with precision and reason the distribution of the "burden of the allegation" and the "burden of proof" on the prosecuting body and on the company pursued, as well as the role of presumption that the recommendations issued by the French Anti-corruption Authority can play.

Read the analysis below.

 

Updated: March 29, 2011 (Initial publication: March 25, 2011)

Sectorial Analysis

ENGLISH

The American Congress is currently examining a bill aiming at restricting online tracking – the Do-Not-Track-Me-Online Act. It should introduce an obligation for any online-tracking firm to allow citizens to opt-out of tracking.
 
SPANISH 
 

Informe temático (data personal): Decreto para restringir el rastreo electrónico actualmente pendiente ante el Congreso americano.

El Congreso americano está actualmente examinando un decreto que tiene como objetivo restringir el rastreo sobre la red – el “Do-Not-Track-Me-Online Act.” Esto debe introducir una obligación para cualquier empresa de rastreo electrónico de permitir que los ciudadanos se excluya de tal rastreo. 

PORTUGUESE

Informe temático (dados pessoais): Projeto para restringir o rastreio eletrônico atualmente pendente no Congresso dos Estados Unidos da América.

O Congresso dos Estados Unidos da América está atualmente examinando um projeto de lei que tem como objetivo restringir o rastreio sobre a rede virtual – o chamado “Do-Not-Track-Me-Online Act”. Isto deve obrigar toda empresa de rastreio eletrônico a permitir que os cidadãos escolham excluir-se de tal rastreio.


CHINESE

主题性报告(个人资料):限制网上追踪的议案有待美国国会通过。

 

美国国会目前正在审议一项旨在限制网上跟踪的法案《互联网反追踪法案》。该草案提出对于任何提供网上跟踪服务的公司其都有承认公民具有选择排除追踪权利的义务。

ITALIAN

 

Relazione tematica (Dati personali): Una riforma per ridurre il rilevamento delle connessioni online è in discussione dinanzi al Parlamento americano.

Il Parlamento americano sta esaminando una proposta di riforma che punta a ridurre il rilevamento delle connessioni online – il Do Not Track Me Online Act (legge denominata “non seguirmi quando sono online”). Tale legge dovrebbe introdurre l’obbligo per ogni società che permette il rilevamento delle connessioni, di dare la possibilità ai cittadini di rifiutare tale tipo di controllo.

Other translations forthcoming

Updated: Sept. 10, 2012 (Initial publication: Sept. 6, 2012)

Breaking news

In the United States, in its political program, the Republican Party has indicated that it considered inadequate the decision of the Department of Justice adopted in December 2011, according to that the prohibition of poker does not apply when this game was played on line. Indeed, the Republican Party said that this game can be pathological, because it can destroy the players and their families. As such, the distorted interpretation that the previous administration that made of the Wire Act should be canceled for that to be restored, according to it, the outright prohibition of online poker. This program must be compared, in contrast with the court decision, which comes instead to ask that poker can be freely organized, because it is not even a gambling game.

Updated: March 10, 2011 (Initial publication: Jan. 14, 2011)

I. Isolated Articles

ENGLISH
On July 21th 2010 was signed into law by President Obama United State’s most important legislative change to financial supervision since the 1930’s : the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. This paper suggests that the Dodd-Frank Act, notwithstanding certain flaws, reflects what the neo-realistic definition of Regulation has been proposing in regards to post-crisis reregulation. Inter alia, it takes into account markets interconnectedness, complexity and deregulation. As regulatory law suggests to do, the Act reconciles microeconomic and macroeconomic supervision as well as regulatory and prudential rules, and resorts to certain regulatory tools in order to achieve certain regulatory goals. More specifically, it revives four regulatory imperatives: oversight and systemic risk prevention, investor protection, transparency/information and prudential measures.

FRENCH
Le 21 Juillet 2010, le Président Obama a, par sa signature, rendu effectif le plus important changement législatif dans le domaine de la supervision financière aux Etats-Unis depuis les années 1930: la loi Dodd-Frank pour la reforme de Wall Street et la protection du consommateur. Cet article soutient que la loi Dodd-Frank, en dépit de certaines failles, reflète ce que la définition néo-réaliste de la régulation a pu apporter au regard du mouvement de re-régulation qui a suivi la crise. Entre autres, elle prend en compte l’interconnectivité des marches, la complexité et la derégulation. Ainsi que le suggère le droit de la régulation, cette loi réconcilie les supervisions micro- et macroéconomiques, ainsi que les règles régulatoires et prudentielles, et se sert de certains outils de la régulation pour atteindre certains objectifs régulatoires. Plus particulièrement, elle ravive quatre impératifs de la régulation: la prévention systémique et la supervision, la protection de l investisseur, la transparence / l’information et les mesures prudentielles.

GERMAN
Am 21. Juli 2010 hat der Präsident Obama ein Gesetz unterschrieben, und dadurch die wichtigste gesetzliche Reform der finanzielle Aufsicht seit der 30er eingeführt Das Dodd-Frank Gesetz für die Reform Wall Streets und Verbraucherschutz. Dieser Artikel zeigt, dass, trotz einigen Mangeln, das Dodd-Frank Gesetz das, was die neo-realistische Definition der Regulierung zur post-Krise Wiederregulierung mitgebracht hat, illustriert. Unter anderem, es berücksichtigt die Marktvernetzung, die Komplexität und Entregulierung. Im Gesetz wurdenMikro- und Makroaufsicht, sowie regulatorische und Aufsichtsregeln wiedereinigt. Ausserdem berührt das Gesetz auch auf regulatorischen Instrumenten, um regulatorische Ziele zu erfüllen. Es nimmt vier regulatorische Imperative wieder auf: Die systematische Prävention und Aufsicht, den Investorschutz, die Transparenz/Information und prudentielle Maßnahmen.  

SPANISH 
La reforma Dodd-Frank Wall Street y el Acta de protección al consumidor: ¿llenará este Acta todos los requisitos de la regulación?

El 20 de julio del 2010 el Presidente Obama firmó la ley del cambio legislativo más importante de los EEUU desde los años 30: la Reforma Dodd-Frank Wall Street y el Acta de protección consumidor. Este informe sugiere que el Acta Dodd-Frank, no obstante algunos defectos, refleja lo que la definición neo-realística de la Regulación ha estado proponiendo en cuanto a la “re-regulación” post crisis económica. Entre otros, toma en cuanto la naturaleza interconectada de los mercados, la complejidad y la desregulación. Como lo sugiere la ley regulatoria, el Acta reconcilia la supervisión micro y macroeconómica tanto como las reglas regulatorias y prudenciales, y recurre a ciertos instrumentos regulatorios para poder alcanzar ciertas metas regulatorias. Más específicamente, revive cuatro imperativos regulatorios: la prevención de descuidos y riesgos sistemáticos, protección al inversor, transparencia/información y medidas prudenciales.  

ITALIAN
Articolo: La riforma Dodd-Franck Wall Street ed il Consumer Act:
Il 21 luglio 2010, il Presidente degli Stati Uniti, Barack Obama, ha firmato la più importante riforma dagli anni ‘30 della supervisione finanziaria: il Dodd-Franck Wall Street ed il Consumer Protection Act. L’analisi di questo articolo tende a dimostrare che il Dodd-Franck Act, nonostante qualche difetto, riprende la definizione neo-realistica della regolazione finanziaria in materia di regolazione delle situazioni post-crisi. Tra l’altro, prende in considerazione l’interconnessione dei mercati, la loro complessità e la deregolamentazione. In linea con le leggi in materia di regolazione, la legge in questione riconcilia una supervisione microeconomica e macroeconomica, le regole prudenziali e di regolazione, e fa appello ad alcuni strumenti propri alla regolazione finanziaria per raggiungere un fine di regolazione. In modo più accurato, questa legge ridà nuova vita agli imperativi propri della regolazione finanziaria: controllo e prevenzione del rischio sistemico, protezione degli investitori, provvedimenti prudenziali e in materia di informazione e trasparenza.

 

PORTUGUESE
A reforma Dodd-Frank Wall Street e a Lei de proteção ao consumidor: pode uma lei preencher todos os requisitos da regulação?
 
Em 20 de julho de 2010, o Presidente Obama sancionou a mais importante inovação legislativa nos Estados Unidos desde os anos 1930: a lei Dodd-Frank relativa à reforma de Wall Street e à proteção do consumidor. Este artigo defende que esta lei, a despeito de certas falhas, reflete aquilo que a definição neo-realista da regulação pôde trazer ao movimento de re-regulação que se afirmou depois da crise. Entre outros, ela leva em consideração a interconectividade dos mercados, a complexidade e a desregulação. Tal como sugere o direito da regulação, esta lei reconcilia as supervisões micro- e macroeconômicas, bem como as regras regulatórias e de prudência, e se vale de algumas ferramentas da regulação para atingir determinados objetivos regulatórios. Mais especificamente, ela reanima quatro imperativos da regulação: a prevenção sistêmica e a supervisão, a proteção do investidor, a transparência / informação e as medidas de prudência.

 

 

CHINESE
记事Dodd-Frank金融改革及保护消费者法案:该法案能否满足监管性法律的标准?
2010年7月21日,美国自三十年代以来在金融监管领域最重要的法律变革:Dodd-Frank华尔街改革及保护消费者法案通过奥巴马总统的亲自签署从而正式生效。虽然Dodd-Frank法案具有种种缺陷,但却反映出了新现实主义管制概念所带来的有关后危机时代再调控行为的相关变化。尤其是该法案将市场关联性、复杂性以及开放性等因素一并包括在内。如同监管性法律所主张的,该法案协调宏观和微观经济监管,调和不同的审慎监管规范,并且利用多种监管手段达到其监管目的。其引出四项强制性监管举措:系统性预防及监管,保护投资者,透明及告知原则和审慎监管。