On April 10, 2012, the Italian Ministry of Economic Development, Mr Corrado Passera, declared that the frequencies of digital terrestrial television (DTT) have a significant economic value and that it is not fair that the State, which owns it, gives them for nothing. This is why Mr Corrado Passera will implement the policy decision announced by the Council President, Mario Monti, who want to organise auctions to sell these frequencies to the highest bidder. "The auctioning will be made by frequency packages". The model of auctioning will be the same as that followed for the 4th generation mobile phone frequencies. In France, the frequencies are sold in telephony, but not in audiovisual material.
On December 20, 2011, the European Commission adopted a decision based on the Almark ruling that expounds upon the four conditions necessary so that compensation paid by a State to any state-owned or private company entrusted with the operation of a public service not require prior notification of the European Commission, despite the general prohibition on State Aids. Each state has a wide margin of discretion in the definition of services that could be classified as being services of general economic interest. A communication and de minimis regulation will complete this decision.
The European Commission published its Green Paper on October 13, entitled Audit Policy: Lessons from the Crisis. Without intending to perform a substantial or methodological analysis of this Paper, which is seminal because the avenues it opens up will define the choices that will be made about future mandatory legislation.
SPANISH
Artículo: El auditor, un jugador crucial en los mercados financieros
El Comisionado Europeo publicó su “Informe Verde” el 13 de octubre, titulado Política de Auditoría: Lecciones de la Crisis. Sin pretender funcionar como un análisis substancial o metodológico de este Informe, lo cual es seminal ya que abre un espacio que definirá las decisiones que se harán en la futura legislación obligatoria.
ITALIAN
Articolo: Il revisore, un operatore fondamentale dei mercati finanziari
Il 13 ottobre scorso, la Commissione europea ha pubblicato il suo Libro verde, intitolato “Audit Policy: Lessons from the Crisis” (Policy Audit: Lezioni dalla crisi). Senza pretendere di fare un’analisi approfondita da un punto di vista sostanziale o metodologico, il Libro verde tratta delle questioni che saranno oggetto delle scelte delle future legislazioni nei prossimi anni.
Artigo: o auditor, um ator crucial nos mercados financeiros.
A Comissão Europeia publicou seu “Informe Verde” em 13 de outubro, intitulado Política de Auditoria: Lições tiradas da Crise. Sem pretender realizar uma análise substancial ou metodológica deste Informe, o qual é seminal, pois abre um espaço que definirá as decisões que se tomarão em futura disciplina legislativa.
GERMAN
Artikel: Der Wirtschaftsprüfer, eine wichtige Figur auf den Finanzmärkten
Die Europäische Kommission veröffentlichte am 13. Oktober ihr Green Paper „Wirtschaftsprüfungspolitik: Lektionen aus der Krise“. Ohne eine substantielle oder methodologische Analyse dieses Green Papers unternehmen zu wollen, kann man dieses als bahnbrechend bezeichnen, da es zukünftige verbindliche Gesetzgebung entscheidend beeinflussen wird.
Published by Oxford University Press (OUF), the collective book, Public Accountability, edited by Mark Bovens, Robert Goodin and Thomas Schillemann, consists of 43 contributions.
Few strictly focus on issues of regulatory matters. One can still quote the article by Colin Scott on Independent Regulators or those of Christie Hayne, Steven E. Salterio and Paul L. Posner and Shahan Asif on auditing (Accounting and Auditing; Audit Institutions).
The subject of most of the contributions is rather the necessary renewal of the management of the State, public governance incorporating this new way of "accountability," which explains the book title : itself: Public Accountability. But as we know that the line between public and private is more porous than ever, we can appreciate that the bookk extends its thoughts to the governance of private organizations or non-profit private sector by some contributions.
Indeed, the fact that Accountability is what is common to the Regulation and Governance. This is the first sentence of the book : "Accountability is the buzzword of modern governance".
Probably because of accountability has become a central concept, as shown in the introductory contribution, these are the articles that confront the most general elements such as "time" (Accountability and Time), "crisis" (Accountability for Crise) or "trust" (Accountability and trust), which are the most instructive for the future.
Thus, despite its collective character, the book is very consistent and often takes a critical tone about this invasion of public space by the will of accoutability, the authors emphasizing the "deficits", the failures and especially thet prohibitively expensive of this mechanism.
It would come to regret the simple mechanism of hierarchical rule to which a nostalgic contribution is devoted, which describes how operated the State before we apply to it the State the agency theory.
So it is a practical book, complete, critical and prospective, of great interest.
Although the industry has faced some difficulties over the past two years, hedge funds play an important role in the global financial system. The benefits these investment vehicles bring to the markets are essentially made possible by flexible and light regulatory regimes. Hedge funds didn’t cause the current crisis, yet there seems to be a consensus among regulators around the world for more regulation: to prevent systemic risk and guarantee investor protection. This paper examines in its first part the relevance of these two arguments. It concludes that although systemic risk may be a legitimate concern, the investor protection argument is questionable. Part II explores what the future of hedge fund regulation could look like. Part III develops the idea that hedge funds do not need more but better regulation (e.g. with costs/benefits analysis, legal framework on a global scale or the creation of a global database for regulators’ use).
FRENCH
Article: Le futur de la régulation des Hedge Funds: une approche comparative: États-Unis, Royaume-Uni, France, Italie et Allemagne
Bien que l'industrie a du faire face à quelques difficultés au court des deux dernières années, les hedge funds jouent un rôle important dans le système financier global. Les bénéfices de ces véhicules d'investissement apportent au marchés sont essentiellement rendus possibles par des régimes régulatoires légers et flexible. Les hedge funds n'ont pas causé la crise actuelle, pourtant, un consensus semble émerger chez les régulateurs du monde pour réguler plus cette activité, cela afin d'éviter le risque systémique et pour garantir la protection des investisseurs. Cet article examine dans un premier temps la pertinence de ces arguments, concluant que la prévention du risque systémique peut être une préoccupation légitime, mais que l'argument de la protection des investisseurs est plus douteux. La deuxième partie de l'article étudie ce à quoi le futur de la régulation des hedge funds pourrait ressembler. La troisième partie développe l'idée selon laquelle les hedge funds n'ont pas besoin de plus mais de meilleure régulation (par exemple avec l'analyse coûts/bénéfices, la mise en oeuvre d'un cadre légal à une échelle globale ou la création d'une base de données globale à destination des régulateurs)
GERMAN
Artikel: die Zukunft der Hedge Funds Regulierung: eine komparative Analyse (Vereinigten Staaten, Grossbritanien, Italien, Frankreich, Deutschland)
Obwohl die Hedge Funds Branche in einer schwierigen Lage in den zwei vorherigen Jahren war, spielen diese Hedge Funds eine wichtige Rolle im globalen finanziellen System. Die Vorteile, die solche Funds mit ihnen ziehen, können erst enstehen dank leichtere Regulierungsbedigungen. Selbst wenn Hedge Funds die Krise nicht verursacht haben, sind die Behörde darauf geeinigt, strengere Regeln durchzusetzen, um dem Verbraucher zu schützen und die Entstehung von Systemrisiken zu vermeiden. Dieser Artikel erforscht im ersten Teil die Gültigkeit solche Argumenten, und zeigt wie die Wirksmakeit der Verbraucherschutz des durch Hedge Funds Regulierung zweifelhaft ist. Dann wird beschrieben, was die Zukunft der Regulierung sein werden könnte. Und endlich wird analysiert, wie die Hedge Funds Branche eher bessere als weitere Regulierung braucht (insb. bessere Aufwand-Nutzen-Analyse, globalen Richtlinien und die Gründung einer globalen Datenbank für die Regulierungsbehörden).
SPANISH
El futuro de la regulación de los fondos de cobertura: Un enfoque comparativo, los Estados Unidos, Gran Bretaña, Francia, Italia y Alemania.
Aunque la industria se ha encontrado con algunas dificultades a lo largo de los últimos dos años, los fondos de cobertura juegan un rol importante en el sistema financiero global. Los beneficios que estos vehículos de inversión fomentan en los mercados son esencialmente posible gracias en gran parte a los regímenes flexibles de la regulación. Los fondos de cobertura no causaron la crisis económica, pero parece existir un consenso general entre economistas abogando por más regulación: para prevenir el riesgo sistemático y garantizar la protección del inversor. Este informe examina en su primera parte dos argumentos. El documento concluye que, aunque la preocupación por el riesgo sistemático puede ser una inquietud legítima, la protección del inversor es cuestionable. La Parte II explora el futuro de la regulación de los fondos de cobertura. La tercera Parte desarrolla la idea que los fondos de cobertura no necesitan de más regulación, sino de mejor regulación (por ejemplo, con el análisis de la relación costo/beneficio, marco legal en escala global o la creación de una base de datos para los reguladores).
ITALIAN
Articolo: Il futuro della regolazione dei fondi hedge (fondi speculativi): una visione comparativa, Stati Uniti, Gran Bretagna, Francia, Italia e Germania
Sebbene l’industria abbia affrontato alcune difficoltà negli ultimi due anni, i fondi hedge giocano un ruolo importante nel sistema finanziario globale. I benefici che tali strumenti di investimento hanno sui mercati sono resi possibili essenzialmente grazie alla flessibilità ed alla semplicità dei regimi di regolamentazione. I fondi hedge non hanno causato la crisi attuale, tuttavia sembra che vi sia un consenso generale tra i regolatori finanziari nel mondo, per un sistema di regole finanziarie più incisivo al fine di prevenire il rischio sistemico e garantire la protezione degli investitori. Tale intervento esamina nella sua prima parte la rilevanza dei questi due obiettivi. Conclude che sebbene il rischio sistemico possa essere una preoccupazione legittima, la protezione degli investitori é discutibile. La seconda parte esamina il possibile futuro della regolazione in materia di fondi hedge. La terza parte sviluppa l’idea che i fondi hedge non necessitino di regolamentazione maggiore, ma di una migliore (ad es. analisi costi/benefici, un quadro normativo su scala globale oppure la creazione di un database globale ad uso degli operatori finanziari).
The original spirit of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was to think of agriculture as a sector unfolding in time, subject to natural hazards, including actors, both farmers and the population that is fed, having interests on which national states shall ensure.
The spirit of the new Common Agricultural Policy is different, even opposite, which explains the length of its gestation. Indeed, competition becomes the principle guarantor of innovation, fair prices for consumers and competitiveness of the European agricultural industry facing global competition, which leads to assist agricultural enterprises, to worry about products quality, away from the subtraction of these products of the principle of competition.
It points out that the agricultural sector is subject to competition law only if the Community legislature didn't stipulate differently!footnote-16. The Regulation almost affirms the opposite principle: "It should be provided that the rules on competition relating to the agreements, decisions and practices referred to in Article 101 TFEU and to abuse of a dominant position apply to the production of, and the trade in, agricultural products, provided that their application does not jeopardise the attainment of the objectives of the CAP.". The Regulation details: A special approach should be allowed in the case of farmers' or producer organisations or their associations, the objective of which is the joint production or marketing of agricultural products or the use of joint facilities, unless such joint action excludes competition or jeopardises the attainment of the objectives of Article 39 TFEU.
On 15 January 2015 the European Commission launches a consultation on the "joint salling of olive oil, beef and veal livestock and arable crops, cases covered by the Regulation.
How the new balance will be between competition and regulation?!footnote-20
It is likely that future guidelines will be the place of expression of this balance.
The "Société de Législation comparée" (Society of Comparative Legislation) publishes the acts of a symposium.
The notion of "service of general economic interest" was developed by the European Commission and the European Court of Justice, before the Treaty, including the Lisbon Treaty and its Protocol 26, give it its place.
Thus, member States, as demonstrated by the collective work, must take into consideration, this European doctrine, that balances competition and public service, and no longer develop national concept of utilities ignorant of legal developments in Law of the European Union.
