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Full reference: Frison-Roche, M.-A., The Economic Impact of Law: a new report about it. And what about Regulation & Compliance? 3 lessons, Newsletter MAFR - Law, Regulation, Compliance, 24th of September 2020

Read by freely subscribing the other news of the Newsletter MAFR - Law, Regulation, Compliance

Summary of the news: 

On 18th of September 2020, the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) published a report about the impact of Rule of Law on Economic Growth. 

The EESC defines the Rule of Law as the obligation to "all public powers act within the constraints laid down by law, in accordance with the values of democracy and fundamental rights, and under the control of independent and impartial courts". According to the Committee, the Rule of Law thus defined is favorable and even necessary to a durable economic growth especially because instability of regulations, absence of guarantee of labor and property rights, discrimination or non-application of contracts poorly favors or are detrimental for investments and economic agents' productive activities. The EESC observes by the way that countries which respect the Rule of Law grow more rapidly than those which do not respect it. The Committee also insists on the destructive effect of corruption which destroys public services, public action, public institutions on the long run and confidence, increasing inequalities. 

Although EESC approves the actions of European Commission to advance Rule of Law in the Union, it however invites the Commission to continue its efforts by giving a more important place to jurisdictions and by protecting better media freedom in a context of rising autocratic forces in Eastern Europe. 

We can learn three lessons from this report:

1. The common interest of European Union States to guarantee the Rule of Law. Indeed, Rule of Law is not only written in article 2 of TFEU and has been consecrated by CJEU case law, it is also a condition of economic progress. 
2. The fight against corruption must be the object of a redoubled effort. In this perspective, Compliance Law is able to offer appropriate innovating legal tools.
3. To a definition of Regulation and Compliance Law as a simple process of application of mechanical legal rules, it is necessary to substitute a definition of Regulation and Compliance Law based on the notion of "monumental goals" and people protection. In this perspective, these branches of Law would prove to be powerful tools in the service of the advancement of the rule of law in the European space.

► Full Reference: Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Law Faculty of Perpignan, Le juge face aux clauses et aux contrats de compliance (The Judge facing clauses and contracts of Compliance), Faculty of Perpignan, 7 April 2023.

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🏗️This symposium takes place in the cycle of symposiums organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and its partner Universities, focusing in 2023 on the general theme of Compliance Obligation.

► This symposium is organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and the Law Faculty of the University of Perpignan. 

This symposium is held in French.

This symposium is under the scientific direction of 🕴️Walid Chaiehloudj et 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche.

🧮The event takes place in the premises of the University of Perpignan, on Friday 7 April 2023, from 9:00 to 18:30. It takes place in a hybrid way. 

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Presentation of the theme:  

The Compliance obligation will increasingly take the form of contracts. This is because the texts unilaterally adopted by Public Authorities oblige economic operators to adopt clauses to give concrete form to the legal obligations of Compliance, for instance active prevention of corruption or effective vigilance in the value chain to avoid environmental or human rights violations. It also comes from the fact that companies, for many reasons, commit themselves to contribute to the efficacy achievement of the Monumental Goals of Compliance, with the contract being the most natural, balanced and flexible way to achieve this.

In this multiple contractual activity, which can manifest itself either in complete contracts, "compliance contracts", or in stipulations that more or less deviate from the regulations, the judge is never far away, because the judge is always, regardless of the legal system and the type of contract, active in this matter.

The general relationship between the Judge and Compliance Law has just been the subject of a series of symposiums and the publication of a book, La juridictionnalisation de la Compliance (Compliance Jurisdictionalisation, to be published in English). The aim here is to refocus the perspective on what happens when the judge is facing a contract that has Compliance issues at stake or, at the very least, contains Compliance stipulations.

The purpose of this symposium and the articles that will follow is to study this hypothesis, which is becoming more and more frequent and could become the standard.

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Some speakers:  

🎤 Sarah Andjechairi-Tribillac, Senior lecturer at University of Perpignan

🎤 Jean-Baptiste Barbieri, Senior lecturer at University Panthéon-Assas (Paris 2)

🎤 Walid Chaiehloudj, Professor at Perpignan University

🎤 Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Professor of Regulation and Compliance Law, director of the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)

🎤 Thibault Goujon-Bethan, Professer at Lyon 3 University

🎤 Nicolas Ida, Senior lecturer at Aix-Marseille University

🎤 Hania Kassoul, Senior lecturer at Côte d'Azur University

🎤 Rebecca Legendre, Professor at Paris Nanterre University

🎤 Grégoire Leray, Professor at Côte d'Azur University

🎤 Yves Picod, Emeritus Professor at Perpignan University

🎤 Marc Segonds, Professor at Toulouse Capitole University

🎤 Sandrine Tisseyre, Professor at Toulouse Capitole University

🎤 Antoine Touzain, Professor at Rouen University

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The proceedings of this colloquium will form the basis of a specific part in the books: 

📕L'obligation de Compliance, in the collection 📚Régulations & Compliance, copublished by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz.

📘Compliance Obligation, in the collection 📚Regulation & Compliance, copublished by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant.

Main information

An advertisement broadcast in Burkina Faso for an insecticide did not reveal its health risks. The national media regulator published a decision on September 6, 2011 ordering that it be taken off the air and “requested” that the media refrain from broadcasting advertisements dangerous for human health and dignity.

Main information

An advertisement broadcast in Burkina Faso for an insecticide did not reveal its health risks. The national media regulator published a decision on September 6, 2011 ordering that it be taken off the air and “requested” that the media refrain from broadcasting advertisements dangerous for human health and dignity.

Full reference: Frison-Roche, M.-A., Conditions for the legality of a platform managed by an American company hosting European health data​: French Conseil d'Etat decision, Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation, 19th of October 2020

Read by freely subscribing the other news of the Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation

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News Summary: In its ordinance of 13th of October 2020, Conseil national du logiciel libre (called Health Data Hub), the Conseil d'Etat (French Administrative Supreme Court) has determined the legal rules governing the possibility to give the management of sensitive data on a platform to a non-europeans firm, through the specific case of the decree and of the contract by which the management of the platform centralizing health data to fight against Covid-19 has been given to the Irish subsidiary of an American firm, Microsoft. 

The Conseil d'Etat used firstly CJEU case law, especially the decision of 16th of July 2020, called Schrems 2, in the light of which it was interpreted and French Law and the contract linking GIP and

The Conseil d'Etat concluded that it was not possible to transfer this data to United-Sates, that the contract could be only interpreted like this and that decree and contract's modifications secured this. But it observed that the risk of obtention by American public authorities was remaining. 

Because public order requires the maintenance of this platform and that it does not exist for the moment other technical solution, the Conseil d'Etat maintained the principle of its management by Microsoft, until a European operator is found. During this, the control by the CNIL (French Data Regulator), whose the observations has been taken into consideration, will be operated. 

We can retain three lessons from this great decision:

• There is a perfect continuum between Ex Ante and Ex Post, because by a referred, the Conseil d'Etat succeed in obtaining an update of the decree, a modification of the contractual clauses by Microsoft and of the words of the Minister in order to, as soon as possible, the platform is managed by an European operator. Thus, because it is Compliance Law, the relevant time of the judge is the future. 
• The Conseil d'Etat put the protection of people at the heart of its reasoning, what is compliant to the definition of Compliance Law. It succeeded to solve the dilemma: either protecting people thanks to the person to fight against the virus, or protecting people by preventing the centralization of data and their captation by American public authorities. Through a "political" decision, that is an action for the future, the Conseil found a provisional solution to protect people against the disease and against the dispossession of their data, requiring that an European solution is found. 
• The Conseil d'Etat emphasized the Court of Justice of The European Union as the alpha and omega of Compliance Law. By interpreting the contract between a GIP (Public interest Group) and an Irish subsidy of an American group only with regards to the case law of the Court of Justice of European Union, the Conseil d'Etat shows that sovereign Europe of Data can be built. And that courts are at the heart of this. 

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Read the interview given on this Ordinance Health Data Hub

To go further about the question of Compliance Law concerning health data protection, read the news of 25th of August 2020: The always in expansion "Right to be Forgotten"​: a legitimate Oxymore in Compliance Law built on Information. Example of​ Cancer Survivors Protection 

Full reference: Frison-Roche, M.-A., Responding to an email with "serious anomalies"​,transferring personal data, blocks reimbursement by the bank: French Cour de cassation, July 1st 2020, Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation, 10th of September 2020

Read by freely subscribing other news of the Newsletter MAFR - Law, Compliance, Regulation

Summary of the news

"Phishing" is a kind of cyber criminality aiming to obtain, by sending fraudulent emails which look like to those sent by legitimate organisms, recipient's personal information in order to impersonate or steal him or her. As it is difficult to find the authors of "phishing" and to prove their intentionality in order to punish them directly, on mean to fight against "phishing" could be to entitle banks to secure their information network and, to accompany this obligation with a strong incentive, to convict them to reimburse the victims in case of robbery of their personal data.  

In 2015, a client victime of this kind of fraud asked to his bank, the Crédit Mutuel, to reimburse him the amount stole, what the bank refused to do on the grounds that the client committed a fault, transferring its confidential information without checking the email, however grossly counterfeit. The Court of first instance gave reason to the client because although he committed this fault, he was in good faith. This judgment was broken by the Chambre commerciale de la Cour de cassation (French Judicial Supreme Court) by a decision of 1st of July 2020 which states that this serious negligence, exclusive of any consideration of good faith, justifies the absence of reimbursement by the bank.

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From this particular case, we can draw three lessons: 

1. The Cour de Cassation states that good faith is not a salient criterion and that, as the bank must react when a banking account is objectively abnormal, the client must react face to an obviously abnormal email. 
2. The Cour de Cassation describes the repartition of proof burden. Proof obligations are alternatively distributed between the bank and its client. First, the bank must secure its information network but, secondly, the client must take every reasonable measure to preserve its safety. It results from this that, if the email seems normal, phishing damages must be supported by the bank, and more generally of by the firm, while if the email is obviously abnormal, they must be supported by the client, but the burden to prove the abnormality of the email must be supported by the firm and not by the client. 
3. Such a proof system shows that Compliance Law includes a pedagogic mission by educating each client in order to he or she would be able to distinguish among his or her emails, those which are normal and those which are obviously suspect. This pedagogic dimension, with the legal consequences associated to it, will not stop to spread. 

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Translated Summaries

In The Journal of Regulation the summaries’ translation are done by the Editors and not by the authors

ENGLISH

On December 20, 2011, the Autorité de Régulation des Communications électroniques et de la Poste (ARCEP — French postal and telecommunications regulator) fined La Poste, France’s universal postal service provider, one million Euros for not having provided an easily-available and affordable priority mail service for the shipment of low-value objects weighing less than two kilograms. This failure was in disregard of the regulator’s injunction, French legislation, and European directives.

FRENCH

Par une décision du 20 décembre 2011, l’Autorité de Régulation des Communications Electroniques et de la Poste (ARCEP), condamne à une amende d’un million d’Euros l’opérateur en charge du service universel, La Poste, car celle-ci n’a pas offert d’une façon accessible et abordable, sur un modèle proche de la « lettre », l’envoi d’objet de faible valeur de moins de deux kilos. En cela, l’opérateur a méconnu la mise en demeure du régulateur, la loi française et les directives communautaires.

SPANISH

El 20 de diciembre del 2011, la Autorité de Régulation des Communications électroniques et de la Poste (ARCEP – el Regulador francés de servicios postales y telecomunicaciones) multaron a La Poste, el proveedor universal de servicios postales en Francia, un millón de Euros por no haber proveído un acceso fácil y asequible a un servicio postal prioritario por el envío de objetos de poco valor pesando menos de dos kilogramos. Este fallo fue un acto de indiferencia del mandamiento judicial del regulador, de la legislación francesa y de las directivas europeas.

ITALIAN

Il 20 dicembre 2011 l’“Autorité de Régulation des Communications électroniques et de la Poste (ARCEP – l’autorità di regolazione francese in materia di servizi postali e telecomunicazione) ha fatto una multa a “Le Poste”, fornitore francese del servizio universale di posta, per un importo di un milione di euro per non aver fornito un servizio di posta celere accessibile e affidabile per la consegna di oggetti di poco valore e di un peso inferiore ai due chili. La Poste ha quindi commesso tale infrazione violando la diffida dell’autorità di regolazione, la legislazione francese e le direttive europee.

ARABIC

منذ قرار20 ديسمبر 2011 السُّلطة التنظيمية للاتصالات الإلكترونية و البريد( عادل فرنسي للاتصالات و البريد) ، حكمت علا المشغل المسؤول عن الخدمة العالمي ، البريد*(نِظام بريدي فِرنسِي)، بِدفع غرامة قدرُها مِليون يورو. هذه لم توفِّر سُهولة تُماثِل "الرِّسالة" لإرسال أشياء ضعيفة القيمة ذُو وزن أقل من اثنان كيلوغرام العامل تجاهل إنذار المُنظّم، القانُون الفرنسي و التوجيهات المُجتمعِية.
 *La Poste : نِظام بريدي فرنسي

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Other translations forthcoming.

Le livre Concurrence, santé publique, innovation et médicament publié aux éditions L.G.D.J propose une analyse du secteur, dans son oscillation entre la concurrence et la régulation. L’ouvrage est construit sur trois parties. La première  est consacrée au Médicament dans la régulation des dépenses de santé,  posant ainsi les questions sanitaires dans leurs aspects les plus régaliens, la deuxième envisage la santé dans sa fonction sociale à travers  ’Innovation et incitation à la recherche, tandis que  la dernière expose Les difficultés des prises en compte par le droit de la concurrence des spécificités du secteur pharmaceutique. Au travers de ces trois parties, c’est une présentation exhaustive des enjeux du droit, de l’économie et de la politique de la santé qui est proposée, posant nettement que cette mixité la fait relever de la régulation davantage que de la concurrence.

Click here to read the article.

GERMAN

Buchrezension : "Concurrence, santé publique, innovation et médicament" (Wettbewerb, öffentliche Gesundheit, Innovation und Medikamente)

Das Buch  "Concurrence, santé publique, innovation et médicament"(Wettbewerb, öffentliche Gesundheit, Innovation und Medikamente), herausgeben von L.G.D.J.,  ein französischer Verlag, analysiert wie der pharmazeutische Sektor zwischen Wettbewerb und Regulierung schwankt. Das Buch bezieht sich auf drei Teilen. Der erste Teil  handelt um die Rolle, die das Medikament im Gesundheitsausgaben spielt. Dadurch können die Gesundheitsfragen in rechtlichem Hinsicht erforscht werden. Im zweiten Teil wird die soziale Funktion der Gesundheitsbranche untersucht, nämlich durch Innovation und Forschungsanreize. Im letzten Teil werden die Schwäche des Wettbewerbsrechts im Bezug zur Berücksichtigung der Besonderheit der pharmazeutischen Branche analysiert. Dadurch können die rechtlichen-, wirtschaftlichen- sowie politischen Einsätze dieses Sektors ausführlich dargestellt werden. Was daraus herauskommt ist, dass die komplexe Vielfalt der Branche sie vielmehr in die Zuständigkeit der Regulatierung als der Wettbewerb fallen lässt.

SPANISH

“Concurrence, santé pubilque, innovation et médicament” (La competencia, la salud pública, la innovación y la medicina), bajo la dirección científica de Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, colección de “Droit et Economie,” L.G.D.J extenso éditions, Paris, enero 2010, 525 páginas.

El libro “Concurrence, santé pubilque, innovation et médicament” (La competencia, la salud pública, la innovación y la medicina), publicado por la editorial francesa L.G.D.J, provee un análisis de las oscilaciones entre la competencia y la regulación del sector farmacéutico. La primera parte del estudio se dedica a “Médicament dans la regulation des dépenses de santé” (El papel de la medicina en la regulación de gastos en salud), lo cual expone cuestiones relacionados a la salud en el aspecto de control gubernamental. La segunda parte concibe la salud a través de su función social, con “Innovation et incitation à la recherche” (La innovación y la incitación para la realización de la investigación). La última parte expilca “Les difficultés des prises en compte par le droit de la concurrence des spécificités du secteur pharmaceutique” (La difícil aprensión del derecho de la competencia de la especificidades del sector farmacéutico). Las tres partes de este estudio ofrecen una detallada presentación sobre los complicaciones involucradas en el derecho de la salud, la economía, la política y también sirve para demostrar que la naturaleza híbrida de este sector lo rinde una cuestión de regulación más que una del derecho de la competencia.