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ENGLISH

On the 16 september 2011, the German Land of Schleswig-Holstein is the first in Germany to implement a law on online gambling, which appears to be one of the most modern and liberal in Europe.

FRENCH

Le 16 septembre 2011, le land allemand de Schleswig-Holstein est le premier en Allemagne à appliquer une loi sur les jeux en ligne, qui semble être l’une des plus modernes et des plus libérales en Europe.

SPANISH

Informe Temático (el Juego): El Land of Schleswig-Holstein alemán implementa una nueva ley sobre el juego en la red.

El 16 de septiembre del 2011, el Land of Schleswig-Holstein alemán es el primero en Alemania de implementar una ley sobre el juego en la red, lo cual aparenta ser una de los más modernos y liberales en Europa.

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Other translations forthcoming.

ENGLISH

Main information

On December 20, 2011, the European Commission adopted a decision based on the Almark ruling that expounds upon the four conditions necessary so that compensation paid by a State to any state-owned or private company entrusted with the operation of a public service not require prior notification of the European Commission, despite the general prohibition on State Aids. Each state has a wide margin of discretion in the definition of services that could be classified as being services of general economic interest. A communication and de minimis regulation will complete this decision.

► Full Reference: Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC), Centre de recherche sur la justice et le règlement des conflits (CRJ) and Centre de recherche en économie (CRED) of University Paris Panthéon-Assas (Paris II), Compliance: Obligation, devoir, pouvoir, culture, ("Compliance: obligation, duty, power, culture"), Salle des Conseils, University Panthéon-Assas, Place du Panthéon, 12, Paris, June 13 & 14, 2023.

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 🏗️ This symposium takes place in the cycle of symposiums organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and its partner Universities, focusing in 2023 on the general theme of Compliance Obligation.

► This symposium is organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and the University of Panthéon-Assas (Paris II), through its Centre de recherche sur la justice et le règlement des conflits (CRJ) and its Centre de recherches en économie et droit (CRED). 

This symposium is held in French.

the symposium is under the scientific direction of 🕴️Bruno Deffains,🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche and 🕴️Jean-Baptiste Racine.

To registrer for a physical presence: anouk.leguillou@mafr.fr (the number of places is limited, you will be asked to confirm 48 hours before).
To register for a online presence: Click HERE 

🧮The event takes place in the buildings  Salle des Conseils of the Panthéon-Assas University (Paris II), Place du Panthéon, 12, 75005 Paris, on 14 June 2023 from 9:00 to 18:30.

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► Presentation of the theme:  "The "Obligation" is at the heart of many disciplines. Compliance techniques very often take the form of obligations. But to mention only the first questions that come to mind and in cases, especially those that are referred to the courts, it is paradoxically not so much Contract Law and Tort Law that have been used, since Compliance Law is on the one hand often assimilated to the mass of applicable regulations and its unilaterality characteristic of Regulatory Law, the branch of Law that Compliance Law extends, and on the other hand it is often associated with ethics, morality, a shared culture, everything that seems to distance it from Obligation.

The notions of "duty" and "commitment" are increasingly taking their place in Compliance Law, although their scope is still uncertain. This is why, beyond the multiplicity of "compliance obligations", one may ask whether there is an "obligation to comply", what its definition would be and its relationship with everything that, in Compliance Law, is not one obligation. 

It is the topic of this conference and the articles that will follow to identify what will be this hypothesis, which is becoming more and more frequent and could become the standard.

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Method chosen to deal with the topic: For contributing to what will later become the book on the Compliance Obligation, constituting its first chapter aimed at identifying what could be a definition of Compliance Obligation, the method is not to start from the legal instruments of compliance but rather for each of the contributors to draw on their discipline, which they has mastered technically, in order to project it and formulate what, on the basis of this previous mastery and according to his or her own conception, is or should be, or should not be, the Compliance Obligation.

Each speaker gives a half-hour presentation on his topic, which is followed by a 15-minute debate.

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The proceedings of this colloquium will form the basis of the first chapter in the books: 

📕L'obligation de Compliance, in the collection 📚Régulations & Compliance, copublished by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Dalloz.

📘Compliance Obligation, in the collection 📚Compliance & Regulation, copublished by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Bruylant.

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Speakers:  

🎤Jean-Sébastien Borghetti, professor of Law at the Panthéon-Assas University (Paris II)

🎤Louis d'Avout, professeur à l'Université Paris Panthéon-Assas (Paris II)

🎤Bruno Deffains, professor of Law & Economics at the Panthéon-Assas University (Paris II)

🎤Benoît Frydman, professor at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)

🎤Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, professor of Regulation & Compliance Law, director of the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)

🎤Daniel Gutmann, professor at the Law School of the Panthéon-Sorbonne University (Paris I)

🎤Anne-Valérie Le Fur, professor at the Saclay University

🎤Gilles Lhuilier, professor at the ENS of Rennes, director of the department Droit, Economie, Gestion

🎤Etienne Maclouf, professor of gestion at the Panthéon-Assas University (Paris II)

🎤Stéphane Mouton, professor of Law at the Toulouse 1-Capitole University

🎤Jean-Baptiste Racine, professor of Law at the Panthéon-Assas University (Paris II)

🎤René Sève, director of the Association française de philosophie du droit - AFPD and of the Archives de Philosophie du Droit - APD

🎤Marta Torre-Schaub, director of research at the CNRS, Institute of legal and philosophical sciences of the Sorbonne, University Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris I)

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🔻 read a detailed presentation of the manifestation below:

ENGLISH

On May 20, 2011, a colloquium was held in Paris on the question of How should the Audit be regulated?, organized by The Journal of Regulation, l’Ecole de droit de la Sorbonne, and KPMG France, one of the Journal’s privileged partners. The participants were Jean-Luc Decornoy, Nathalie de Basaldua, Alain Couret, Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Christine Thin, Stephen Haddrill, Claude Cazes, Etienne Wasmer, and Mara Cameran. The reflections and discussions bore upon the European Commission’s Green Paper on Audit Policy. The colloquium’s ambition was to discuss the methodological links that must guide the future of the Audit, both in relation to financial regulation and competition, and also to analyze what the inspirations for audit reform should be, especially by using the available economic studies. Each participant agreed that the most important goal was to ensure that the audit is of very high quality, and everything ought to converge towards this goal.

ITALIAN

Relazione bibliografica (Convegno): Vers quelle régulation de l’audit faut-il aller? (Come dovrebbe essere regolato l’audit ?)

Il 20 maggio 2011, si è tenuto a Parigi un convegno sulla questione di come dovrebbe essere regolato l’audit, organizzato da The Journal of Regulation, da l’Ecole de droit de la Sorbonne e KPMG France, partner privilegiato della rivista. I partecipanti erano Jean-Luc Decornoy, Nathalie de Basaldua, Alain Couret, Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Christine Thin, Stephen Haddrill, Claude Cazes, Etienne Wasmer e Mara Cameran. Le riflessioni e le discussioni si sono concentrate sul Libro Verde della Commissione europea sulla politica in materia di audit. L’ambizione del convegno era di studiare i nessi metodologici che devono costituire le linee guida dell’audit, tenendo conto della regolazione finanziare e della libera concorrenza. Il convegno mirava inoltre ad analizzare le possibili piste di una riforma dell’audit, sulla base anche di studi di tipo economico. Ogni partecipante ha sottolineato che lo scopo più importante era quello di assicurare un’attività di audit di grande qualità, e che tutti gli sforzi dovrebbero convergere verso tale scopo.

 SPANISH

Informe bibliográfico (Simposio): ¿En qué dirección debe dirigirse la regulación?

El 20 de mayo del 2011 se llevó a cabo un coloquio en París sobre la cuestión de “Cómo debe regularse la auditoría?” organizado por The Journal of Regulation, l’école de droit de la Sorbonne y el KPMG France, uno de los asociados principales de esta publicación. Los participantes incluyen Jean-Luc Decornoy, Nathalie de Basaldua, Alain Couret, Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Christine Thin, Stephen Haddrill, Claude Cazes, Etienne Wasmer, and Mara Cameran. Las reflecciones y discusiones se centraron sobre el Papel Verde de la Comisión Europea sobre la política auditiva. La ambición de este coloquio era de discutir las conexiones metodológicas que deben guiar el futuro de la Auditoría, tanto en relación con la regulación de finanzas y la competencia, y también de analizar cuáles deben de ser las inspiraciones para la reforma de la auditoría, especialmente al usar los estudios económicos disponibles. Cada participante concertó que el objetivo más importante era de asegurar que la auditoría sea de alta calidad, y que todo ha de converger hacia este objetivo.

PORTUGUESE

Informe bibliográfico (Symposium): vers quelle régulation de l’audit faut-il aller ? Como deveria a auditoria ser regulada?

Em 20 de maio de 2011, um colóquio foi realizado em Paris sobre a questão Como deveria a auditoria ser regulada?, organizado por The Journal of Regulation, l’Ecole de droit de la Sorbonne, e KPMG France, um dos principais parceiros deste periódico. Os participantes foram Jean-Luc Decornoy, Nathalie de Basaldua, Alain Couret, Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Christine Thin, Stephen Haddrill, Claude Cazes, Etienne Wasmer, e Mara Cameran. As reflexões e discussões surgiram a partir do Informe Verde sobre Política de Auditoria da Comissão Europeia. O propósito do colóquio foi discutir as ligações metodológicas que devem guiar o futuro da auditoria, ambos em relação com regulação financeira e concorrência, e também analizar quais deveriam ser as inspirações para a reforma da auditoria, especialmente usando os estudos econômicos disponíveis. Todos os participantes concordaram que o objetivo mais importante seria assegurar que a auditoria é de alta qualidade, e que tudo deve convergir para este objetivo.

Padrão contábil – Alternativa financeira – Auditoria – Mercado de auditoria – Falência – Big Four – Certificação – Colóquio – Concentração – Confiança – Conflito de interesses – Cooperação – Custo – Agência de notação – Operador crucial – Definição – Deontologia – Mercado desregulado – Eficiência – Europa – Mercado europeu de auditoria – Comissão Europeia – Especulação – Crise financeira – Mercado financeiro – Futuro – Mercado global – Objetivo – Informe Verde sobre auditoria – Incentivo – Independência – Informação – Informação assimétrica – Fórum de auditoria internacional – Itália – Auditoria conjunta – Responsabilidade – Gerente – Votação obrigatória – Mercado – Expectativas de mercado – Micro economia – Acaso moral – Opacidade – Opinião – Perímetro – Preço – Lucro – Bem público – Interesse público – Serviço público – Qualidade – Economia real – Informação do risco – Ceticismo – Responsabilidade social – Risco sistêmico – Raciocínio teleológico – Trust – Reino Unido – Estados Unidos da América.*

* Em The Journal of Regulation, estas palavras-chave são fornecidas pelo Editor e não pelo Autor.

Other translations forthcoming.

ENGLISH 

The word "regulation" is fashionable, and so is what it is supposed to refer to; but the notion actually refers to many different situations, which can be a source of confusion. Of course, regulation is all about improving market functioning; but we also have to admit that the measures that regulation must take to accomplish this are not the same in situations where competition malfunctions, as opposed to situations where there is no competition at all.

But, there must be a preliminary agreement on the goals that regulation must pursue. Specifically, is competition an end in itself, or simply a way to best cause economic actors to unwittingly pursue the public good?

I venture to suggest that we cannot usefully speak about regulation without defining what it is intended to accomplish...

FRENCH

Article: deux régulation?

Le mot « régulation » est à la mode, comme ce qu’il est censé désigner ; mais la notion couvre, en fait, des situations très différentes, ce qui est source de confusion. Il s’agit, certes, de mieux faire fonctionner le marché ; mais on conçoit que les mesures à prendre ne soient pas les mêmes dans les cas où la concurrence fonctionne mal, par opposition à ceux où il n’y a pas de concurrence du tout.  Encore faut-il au préalable s’entendre sur les objectifs poursuivis. Plus précisément, la concurrence est-elle une fin en soi, ou seulement un moyen de voir les acteurs économiques, sans le savoir, oeuvrer au mieux pour le bien public? J’oserai avancer qu’on ne peut traiter utilement de la régulation sans en connaître l’objet ...

GERMAN

Artikel: Zwei Regulierungen?

Das Wort "Regulierung" ist heutzutage modisch, sowie ist, was angeblich hinter dem Begriff steckt; Jetzt aber bezieht sich der Begriff auf viele verschiedenen Situationen, was zu gewisser Verwirrung fürhen kann. Zwar strebt Regulierung danach, das Funktionieren den Märkten zu verbessern. Aber wir müssen annehmen, dass die notwendigen Massnahmen nicht diesselbe sind, wenn der Wettbewerb nicht vollständig läuft, und wenn der Wettbewerb überhaupt nicht existiert. Ausserdem müssen wir uns über die Zielsetzung einigen. Und zwar, ist  Wettbewerb ein Ziel an sich oder ist trägt er nur dazu bei, die Wirtschaftsakteure ungewiss dazu zu veranlassen, zum öffentlichen Allgemeingut beizutragen? Ich behaupte, dass man nicht nützlich über die Regulierung sprechen kann, ohne ihren Gegenstand zu kennen...

SPANISH

¿Dos regulaciones?

La palabra ‘regulación’ está de moda, tal como lo es a lo que se supone que se refiere; pero, de hecho, esta noción se refiere a varias situaciones, lo cual puede dar lugar a cierta confusión. Claro, la regulación se trata de mejorar el funcionamiento del mercado; pero también debemos admitir que las medidas que debe tomar la regulación para cumplir con esto no son las mismas en situaciones donde la competición sufre de un fallo, en contraste con situaciones en donde la competición ni existe.

De todas maneras, debe haber un acuerdo preliminar sobre los objetivos que la regulación debe de seguir. Específicamente, ¿es la competición un fin en sí mismo, o es simplemente una manera de causar que los actores económicos persigan inconcientemente la bien público?

Me atrevo a sugerir que no podemos hablar efectivamente sobre la regulación sin definir qué se supone que debe de lograr.

ITALIAN

Articolo : Due regolazioni ?

La parola « regolazione » é alla moda così come il suo contenuto. Tuttavia questa nozione si riferisce a molteplici situazioni e ciò può costituire fonte di confusione. Certo, la regolazione consiste nel migliorare il funzionamento del mercato, ma dobbiamo ammettere che i provvedimenti che la regolazione deve attuare al fine di raggiungere questo scopo, non sono gli stessi quando si è in presenza di distorsioni della libera concorrenza oppure quando, in altri contesti, la libera concorrenza non c'è. Pertanto, è necessario che vi sia un accordo unanime sugli obiettivi della regolazione. In particolare, la concorrenza è lo scopo, o semplicemente il mezzo per far in modo che gli operatori economici agiscano involontariamente a fini di bene pubblico? Direi che non possiamo parlare della regolazione senza definire i suoi obiettivi…

CHINESE

记事：双重监管 ?

“监管”一词是流行的，并且本应也是具有指向的。但事实上，此概念包含的情形具有很大差异性，并会由此导致混淆。诚然，与垄断相比较，监管对于市场运行的确会起到改善作用。然而我们不得不承认在面对不规范竞争时，监管的程度却是不同的。但是监管的必然继续却是世界范围内的初步共识。更确切地说，竞争本身是一种目的，或仅仅是一种对于经济参与者而言无意识地追求公共利益的方式 ?在此，我冒昧地提出由于缺乏对于监管客体的认识进而会致使我们不能够对其进行有效的研究…

ENGLISH:

The statutory audit forms part of the way in which stakeholders in companies obtain reliable financial information, thereby contributing to the efficient working of an open economy. In fact, the statutory audit is above all a matter of confidence. By opining on the reliability and the fairness of financial statements, statutory auditors add confidence to for-profit and not-for-profit relationships, and equally throughout the economy and to society in general.

PORTUGUESE

Artigo (Finanças): Um obstáculo para o desenvolvimento e a emergência de empresas de auditoria de envergadura internacional?

A auditoria legal faz parte do modo segundo o qual os interessados nas empresas (“Stakeholders”) obtêm informação financeira confiável, contribuindo para o funcionamento eficiente de uma economia aberta. Com efeito, a auditoria legal é, acima de tudo, uma questão de confiança. Através da opinião sobre a confiabilidade e a justeza de posições financeiras, auditores legais dão confiança para relações dirigidas ao lucro e relações não dirigidas ao lucro, e também para a economia e a sociedade em geral.

CHINESE:

记事（金融）：高水平国际审计事务所的出现及其发展障碍。

法定审计是股东获取公司可靠财务信息的一种形式，有助于开放型经济的高效运作。事实上，法定审计的关键在于信任。通过可靠和清晰地财务报表，审计员增进盈利性与非盈利性之间的信任关系，并大体上贯穿于整个经济和当今社会。

GERMAN

Artikel (Finanzen): Ein Hindernis für die Entstehung und Entwicklung von internationalen Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaften?

Die gesetzliche Wirtschaftsprüfung ist eine Quelle verlässlicher finanzieller Informationen für privatwirtschaftliche Interessenvertreter und trägt dadurch zur effizienten Funktionsweise der offenen Marktwirtschaft bei. Gesetzliche Wirtschaftsprüfung ist eine vor allem eine Sache des Vertrauens. Durch die Einschätzung von Verlässlichkeit und Fairness von Finanzberichten, tragen gesetzliche Wirtschaftsprüfer zum Aufbau einer Vertrauensbasis von profitorientierten und nicht-profitorientierten Beziehungen, sowie ganz allgemein für Vertrauen in der Wirtschaft und der Gesellschaft bei.

► Référence complète : Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and Institut de Recherche Juridique de la Sorbonne (André Tunc - IRJS), Durabilité de l’Internet : le rôle des opérateurs du système des noms de domaine. Compliance et Régulation de l’espace numérique (Sustainability of the Internet: the role of the operators of the domain name system. Compliance and regulation of the digital space), Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne University, 21 February 2025

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► The symposium is organised by the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC) and the Institut de Recherche Juridique de la Sorbonne (André Tunc - IRJS) of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University.

The symposium is held under the scientif supervision of 🕴️Marie-Anne Frison-Roche and 🕴️Grégoire Loiseau.

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► Presentation ot the theme: The digital space has been built on and as a system. Its primary interest is of a negative nature: it consists of to be preserved against the prospect of systemic failure, of not collapsing. Like all other systems, this 'Monumental Goal' specific to the digital system justifies resources that incorporate this concern for the future. As with all systems, it integrates and relies on the specific technical nature of this system.

The digital space is largely based on the invention, technology and architecture of domain names. Domain names, as an addressing system, enable users to enter the digital space and find other Internet users. The uniqueness and solidity of the domain name system, entrusted to a single root and decentralisation, makes this community possible for those who use the digital space and ensures the technical durability required, without which the digital space would be compromised.

The architecture, operation, operators and what they do under the control of legislators, regulators, judges and legal subjects are therefore examined from a dual technical and legal perspective, in the light of the imperative of sustainability.

This allows to progress in 4 stages.

Firstly, to examine the permanence in time and space of the domain name system, insofar as it is the foundation of the Internet and the digital system. This technical construction gives rise to legal qualifications, not only for the present but also for the future, since the Web3 offers new technical solutions.

Secondly, this technical sustainability is an imperative that is built into the operators of the domain names themselves, which are inter-linked not only at national level but also at global level, this cross-linking being necessary for the security of the system. The State is present through public law techniques that enable surveillance, control and possible recovery.

Thirdly, it imposes constraints on the operators subject to them in order to serve this monumental goal of technical sustainability, and these constraints themselves generate as many powers as they need to usefully achieve this mission. This proportionality must be at the heart of the method and the requirements. The relationship between constraints and powers also stems from it.

Fourthly, this imperative of technical sustainability, which is global in nature, gives way to imperatives of societal sustainability, more localised in space and time, when domain name operators are called upon by the legitimate authors of binding standards, legislators in the first instance, to express concerns such as the protection of people involved in the digital space and whose rights are compromised or who are in danger.

This second type of sustainability, which is more localised and less inherent in the architecture of the Internet, is justified by the available power of the operators concerned and their adherence to social imperatives. The resulting constraints and powers are therefore not the same.

The 2 sustainabilities must then be articulated in a conception that is both teleological and pragmatic.

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To register for a physical presence:  Cliquer HERE 

To register for an online presence: Cliquer HERE 

🧮The event will take place at the Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University, 12 place du Panthéon 75005, in Room 6, on 21 February 2025.

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► Speakers:  

🎤Pierre Bonis, Chief Executive Officer of the Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération (Afnic)

🎤Lucien Castex, Adviser of the Afnic Chief Executive Officer for Research internet and society and Internet governance

🎤Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Full Professor of Regulatory and Compliance Law, Director of the Journal of Regulation & Compliance (JoRC)

🎤Claire Leveneur, Senior Lecturer at Paris-Est Créteil University

🎤Grégoire Loiseau, Full Professor at Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University

🎤Samir Merabet, Full Professor at the University of West Indies

🎤Antoine Oumedjkane, Senior Lecturer at Lille University

🎤Frédéric Sardain, attorney at law, Jeantet law firm

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🔻Read a detailed presentation of the event below: