The "Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques et des postes - ARCEP" (French telecommunications and postal regulator) required that all Internet operators, French or foreigners, from the moment that they operate on the French territory, to provide it, by return of questionnaire, a series of information, every 6 months, on their wholesale trafficking on the Internet, theirs tariff policies, their locations of interconnections, etc. AT & T and Verizon have said on June 21, 2012 that they challenged the decision before the "Conseil d’Etat" (French Council of State).
In the United States, if the State courts took different positions on whether the game of poker is a game of chance or a game of strategy, this is the first time that a federal jurisdiction decides the issue by this judgment of August 21, 2012 ruled by Judge Jack Weinstein. The question is crucial for the Regulation of online gambling because gambling is regulated or even prohibited by State, but not strategy games. Qualification depends on the definition that is given in the game according to the judge, who relied on recent scientific studies, the gain in poker does not depend poker mostly luck but skill. Therefore, it escapes the regulations that surround gambling.
This collective work describes the contours of French, European, and International healthcare regulation, and explores past, present, and future evolutions and tendencies in this sector. Original French title: Annales de la régulation, 2009, volume 2, sous la direction de Thierry Revet et Laurent Vidal, collection Bibliothèque de l'Institut de Recherche Juridique de la Sorbonne (IRJS) – André Tunc. (LGDJ)
People playing online can pay by payment card or credit card. Licensed gambling operators created cards for prepaid usage, likely to be sold in advance to the players. On 18 April 2012, The Autorité française de régulation des jeux en ligne (ARJEL — French Online gambling regulatory authority) examined this practice. The regulator has relied on article 17 of the Act of May 12, 2010, law that organises the system of online games. It specifies that the player account cannot be supplied by the owner by an instrument of payment issued by a "payment service provider". The regulator noted that games operators are not payment service providers and concluded, in a restrictive interpretation, that this practice must be stopped immediately. The regulator confines itself in its decision to "remember this point" to the operators. This is sufficient because if they overlook, the Commission of the sanction of the Autorité française de régulation des jeux en ligne (ARJEL — French Online gambling regulatory authority) online, examined this practice will be there to raise the voice.
In order to properly conceive the role of law in the economic sphere, a problem that is usually designated as “good regulation”, it can be instructive to confront what such a concept denotes to one of the most prominent theories of the rule of law in modern societies, the theoryof F. A. Hayek.
FRENCH
Article: Régulation et politique. Réflexions sur l’état de droit.
Afin d’appréhender adéquatement le rôle de la loi dans la sphère économique – un problème habituellement désigné comme relevant de la « bonne régulation » - il peut être instructif de mettre en relief ce qu’un tel concept apporte à l’une des théories les plus marquantes de l’état de droit dans les sociétés modernes: celle de F. A. Hayek.
GERMAN
Artikel : Regulierung und Politik : Überlegungen über den Rechtsstaat.
Um die Rolle des Gesetzes im wirtschaftlichen Sphäre vollständig erfassen zu können – ein Problem normalerweise mit dem Begriff “good regulation” benennt wird –ist es nützlich zu betonen, was solch einen Begriff zu einer der wichtigsten Theorie des Rechtstaates im modernen Gesellschaften mit sich bringen kann – und zwar die, von F. A. Hayek.
SPANISH
Artículo: Regulación y política: reflexiones sobre el imperio de la ley.
Para poder correctamente concebir el rol de la ley in la esfera económica, un problema que es usualmente designado como ‘buena regulación,’ puede ser instructivo confrontarse a lo que tal concepto denota a una de las teorías más prominentes del imperio de la ley en las sociedades modernas, la teoría de F. A. Hayek.
ITALIAN
Articolo: Politica e regolazione finanziaria: riflessioni sulla norma giuridica
Per concepire una norma giuridica in campo economico, problema denominato della “buona regolazione”, può essere interessante riflettere sul contenuto di questo concetto nella teoria di F. A Hayek, una delle più elaborate teorie dello stato di diritto moderno.
PORTUGUESE
Artigo: Regulação e política: reflexões sobre o Estado de Direito.
Para poder conceber corretamente o papel da lei na esfera econômica (questão usualmente conhecida como “boa regulação”), pode ser instrutivo colocar em relevo o que este conceito revela sobre uma das teorias mais proeminentes do Estado de Direito nas sociedades modernas, a teoria de F. A. Hayek.
On May 12, 2011, both Neelie Kroes, the European Commissioner for the digital agenda within the European Commission, and Larry Strickling, Assistant Commissioner for Communications and Information within the United States Department of Commerce, sent a notification to the ICANN, a private association that manages Internet domain names. First of all, they agreed with the principle of self-regulation of Internet domain names by the ICANN. But, they requested a reform of its “governance” to improve its transparency and better take into account public authorities’ recommendations.
Association - Conflict resolution - Domain name - European commission - Internet - Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers (ICANN) - Memorandum - Power - Private regulator - Regulatory Authority - Self regulation - Soft law - Transparency - United Nations (UN) *
* In The Journal of Regulation, these keywords are done by the Editor and not by the Author.
PORTUGUESE
Informe bibliográfico (Internet): Autoridades europeias e norte-americanas notificaram a ICANN, uma associação privada encarregada da auto-regulação de nomes de domínio na Internet, que ela deve adotar uma governança mais transparente e também adotar as recomendações de estruturas públicas.
Em 12 de maio de 2011, tanto Neelie Kroes, o Comissário Europeu para a agenda digital dentro da Comissão Europeia, quanto Larry Strickling, Comissário Assistente para Comunicações e Informação dentro do Departamento de Comércio dos Estados Unidos da América, enviaram uma notificação para a ICANN, uma associação privada que gerencia nomes de domínio na internet. Em primeiro lugar, eles concordaram com o princípio da auto-regulação dos nomes de domínio na Internet pela ICANN. No entanto, eles solicitaram uma reforma em sua governança para melhorar sua transparência e melhor levar em consideração as recomendações de autoridades públicas.
Associação – Resolução de conflitos – Nome de domínio – Comissão Europeia – Internet - Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers (ICANN) – Memorandum – Poder – Regulação privada – Autoridade de regulação – Auto-regulação – Soft law – Transparência – Nações Unidas (ONU)*
* No Journal of Regulation, as palavras-chave são fornecidas pelo Diretor, e não pelo Autor.
ITALIAN
Relazione bibliografica (Internet): Le autorità europee e nord americane hanno indicato che l’ICANN, una società privata che ha lo scopo di auto-regolare i nomi a dominio di internet, dovrà aumentare la trasparenza della gestione ed adottare le raccomandazioni delle strutture pubbliche
Il 12 maggio 2011, Neelie Kroes, Commissario europeo per l’agenda digitale della Commissione europea, e Larry Strickling, Commissario assistente per le comunicazioni e l’informazione del Dipartimento del Commercio degli Stati Uniti, hanno entrambi dichiarato che l’ICANN, una società privata che gestisce i nomi a dominio di Internet, deve riformare il proprio sistema di gestione migliorando la sua trasparenza e deve prendere in debita considerazione le raccomandazioni provenienti dalle autorità pubbliche.
Associazione - Autorità di regolazione - Autorità privata di regolazione - Auto-regolazione - Commissione Europea - Internet - Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers (ICANN) - Memorandum - Nazioni Unite (ONU) - Nomi di dominio - Potere - Risoluzione di controversie - Soft law - Transparenza *
* In The Journal of Regulation, le parole chiave sono responsabilità dell’Editore e non dall’Autore.
The real economy is entirely financiarized, it is the same for the oil economy. This is why the G20 has asked to the "Organisation internationale des commissions de valeurs" - OICV (International Organization of Securities Commissions) to reflect back on how oil markets could be regulated, what they are currently not, because the market remains an over-the-counter market. Financial regulators, in a report published on June 12, 2012, suggest that at least the information be controlled, fluctuations in the price of a barrel are reviewed and the functions of "the information agencies," should be inspected, but also the role of traders that communicate them information. Regulation, so shy it is, starts with information. On the matter of oil, transparency is not expected and geopolitics often excludes it.
The translated summaries are done by the Editors and not by the Authors.
ENGLISH
The Autorità per le garanzie nelle comunicazioni (or “AgCom” – the Italian Regulatory Authority for electronic communications) issued a decision on January 11, 2012, setting regulatory remedies applicable to the Italian incumbent’s fixed next generation networks (NGN).
Italian next generation networks’ regulation complies with pro-competitive and pro-investment objectives provided for by EU sectoral law.
FRENCH
La Autorità per le garanzie nelle comunicazioni (ou “AgCom” - Autorité italienne de régulation pour les communications électroniques) a adoté une décision le 11 janvier 2012, imposant des engagements applicables à l’entreprise italienne de télécommunication, opérateur historique, en vue d’organiser la prochaine génération des réseaux.
Cette régulation italienne de la prochaine génération des réseaux de télécommunications est conforme aux objectifs retenus par les textes sectoriels de l’Union Européenne, dont les objectifs sont de favoriser la concurrence et l’investissement en la matière.
The translated summaries are done by the Editors and not by the Authors.
ENGLISH
The 12th General Assembly of the Association of Mediterranean Regulators
for Electricity and Gas (MEDREG) was held at the headquarters of the
Greek Regulatory Authority of Energy (RAE), on 14 December 2011. On this
occasion, members of MEDREG have approved the initial proposals made by
the Task Force devoted to investments in energy infrastructure, aiming
to stimulate investment in the Mediterranean region. The MEDRED also
exercises regulatory powers similar to those of ACER.
FRENCH
La 12ème Assemblée Générale de l’Association des Régulateurs Méditerranéens de l’Electricité et du Gaz (MEDREG) s’est tenue au siège de l’Autorité grecque de Régulation de l’Energie (RAE), le 14 décembre 2011. A cette occasion, les membres de MEDREG ont approuvé les premières propositions émises par la Task Force consacrée aux investissements dans les infrastructures énergétiques, ayant pour objectif de stimuler les investissements dans la région de la Méditerranée. La MEDRED exerce en outre des pouvoirs de régulation analogues à ceux de l’ACER.
Little is known about how to ‘regulate the Internet’…
Outline solutions, however, do seem to have to be found in ex-post mechanisms since Regulation (broadly speaking) understand ex-ante and ex-post mechanisms as a continuum, and since Regulators increasingly concentrate ex-post mechanisms in their hands as an effective way to ensure execution of the ex-ante prescriptions they themselves elaborated.
Ex-ante mechanisms aim at making algorithms more ‘loyal’.
As long as we hope for devices to be trustworthy and to be held accountable for their ‘loyalty’, we give merits to the idea that we probably should “take liability seriously”.
The applicant based its claim to hold the companies liable on the grounds that they let terrorist groups use their networks: “The suit claims the companies “knowingly permitted” the Islamic State group, referred to in the complaint as “ISIS”, to recruit members, raise money and spread “extremist propaganda” via their social-media services”.
Conversely, the defendants unanimously claimed that they had actively implemented ‘policies’ against extremist material, and that they were working with law enforcement entities to improve regulations on the matter. Self-regulation and ethics versus common liability law.
The companies also pointed out the fact that they were not publishers, hence they could not face liability for the material users post on their networks. This is not, however, the issue at stake: the complaint concerns the use of the network not as a mere way to broadcast messages, but as a way to recruit murderers, provide them with convenient tools to communicate and to prepare criminal operations—allegations for which law does not exempt social media companies from liability.
These allegations are worth being ‘taken seriously’, should the law be unclear on whether the companies could be charged indeed, and should the total exemption from liability of such companies pleading for their ‘neutrality’ be the exception rather than the norm.
The question of principle is thus as follows: is exemption from liability of those who hold the ‘digital space’ together really the norm?
If so, their exemption from liability needs to be extended to a scenario that had not been covered by the law yet. If not, then common liability law is the rightful legal basis to assess whether the companies can be found liable or not—provided that a direct causal link between the unlawful act and an actual harm suffered by the applicant can be demonstrated.
