The European Commission, sensing potential anticompetitive behaviour in the pharmaceutical sector, conducted an inquiry into this sector, and adopted its final report on the matter on July 8th 2009. The Commission’s suspicion was that anticompetitive behaviours could be slowing down the entry of generic drugs into national markets, whereas the burden of drug spending on public finances and public health policy make rapid generic entry an important issue. The Commission concluded that delays are due in part to pharmaceutical companies’ behaviour, especially as concerns the use they make of their intellectual property rights.
However, on the other hand, one may also sustain that the strategic use of an acquired legal right is no less than legitimate, and that public health policy is a matter for national regulation. Indeed, it is for Member States, rather than European competition law, to determine the level of healthcare coverage that their society is financially willing to bear.
The European Commission, sensing potential anticompetitive behaviour in the pharmaceutical sector, conducted an inquiry into this sector, and adopted its final report on the matter on July 8th 2009. The Commission’s suspicion was that anticompetitive behaviours could be slowing down the entry of generic drugs into national markets, whereas the burden of drug spending on public finances and public health policy make rapid generic entry an important issue. The Commission concluded that delays are due in part to pharmaceutical companies’ behaviour, especially as concerns the use they make of their intellectual property rights.
However, on the other hand, one may also sustain that the strategic use of an acquired legal right is no less than legitimate, and that public health policy is a matter for national regulation. Indeed, it is for Member States, rather than European competition law, to determine the level of healthcare coverage that their society is financially willing to bear.
In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission had sanctioned for "indecency" two non-cabled television channels ABC and Fox, to have shown a woman entering back in the shower and let a singer say a rude word in a live broadcast. On appeal, the sanction was set aside by the federal judge. The regulator applies to the Supreme Court of the United States, which declared the case admissible and proceeds with the case, in a judgment of June 21, 2012. It dismisses the appeal of the regulator.It considers indeed that the regulator cannot punish channels in application of too-vague criteria of "indecency", as chains should know to what they expose themselves to the point where they act; otherwise punishment is contrary to the Constitution. This is a transposition of the legality of offences and penalties. The Court prefers to put the analysis on this field, repressive, and not the addressed by it, of the freedom of expression.
Corporate officers that had provided financial markets with false information, as well as their auditors, were under investigation by the Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF—French financial markets authority) for failure to provide information. On March 31, 2011, the AMF’s Enforcement Commission punished the corporate officers, but decided to innocent the auditors, on the grounds that they had obeyed professional standards.
FRENCH
Lorsque les dirigeants d’une société cotée ont manqué à leur obligation d’informer le marché, l’auditeur, quant à lui, est selon le régulateur exempt de responsabilité, dès l’instant qu’il a respecté les normes professionnelles
SPANISH
Informe Temático (Finanza): Según el AMF, auditores no son responsables cuando una compañía falla en su obligación a proveer el mercado con información, siempre y cuando hayan obedecido los estándares profesionales.
Tanto los oficiales corporativos que habían proveído a los mercados financieros con información falsa, como sus auditores, estuvieron bajo investigación del Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF – la Autoridad francesa de mercados financieros) por no haber proveído información. El 31 de marzo del 2011, el AMF castigó a los oficiales corporativos, pero declaró inocentes a los auditores, atestando que ellos habían obedecido los estándares profesionales.
On 7th of August 2020, the Conseil Constitutionnel (French Constitutional Court) made a decision concerning the constitutionality of a French law implementing safety measures against authors of terrorist offenses after their sentence. The law permitting to impose, through an act from the administration, various controls or interdiction to communicate with some people for authors of terrorist offenses after the end of their sanction.
Although the Conseil Constitutionnel estimated that such dispositions was disproportionate with regards to the objective, which prompted it to censor the text, it recognized that, since terrorism seriously disturbs public order through intimidation and terror, the fight against terrorism contributes to the objective of constitutional value consisting of preventing attacks on the public order. Thus it is not the nature but the intensity of the proposed measures which pushed the Conseil Constitutionnel to state this text not constitutional. By the way, the Conseil affirms that if the legislator submits it a law whose the measures are more proportionate to the goal, these, although Ex Ante and justified only by the existence of a risk, will be declared in conformity with the Constitution.
The Conseil Constitutionnel confirms here that the fight against terrorism financing is a "monumental goal" of Compliance Law.
The European Commission, following the example of the Obama administration understands the regulation of financial markets through the protection of consumers of financial instruments. It is on this basis that should be analyzing the proposed "package" which the Commission presented the draft on July 3, 2012. The Commission manifests its particular concern for investment details and information of investors. Based on the observation that individuals do not to use the markets only in an intermediated way, the project aims the " organismes de placement collectif en valeurs mobilières " - OPVCM (undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities ). Finally, noting that for the consumers, the insurance product and the product purely financial, is similar the Commission proposes to revise the regulation of the sale of insurance products and insurance mediation.
On May 20, 2011, a colloquium was held in Paris on the question of How should the Audit be regulated?, organized by The Journal of Regulation, l’Ecole de droit de la Sorbonne, and KPMG France, one of the Journal’s privileged partners. The participants were Jean-Luc Decornoy, Nathalie de Basaldua, Alain Couret, Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Christine Thin, Stephen Haddrill, Claude Cazes, Etienne Wasmer, and Mara Cameran. The reflections and discussions bore upon the European Commission’s Green Paper on Audit Policy. The colloquium’s ambition was to discuss the methodological links that must guide the future of the Audit, both in relation to financial regulation and competition, and also to analyze what the inspirations for audit reform should be, especially by using the available economic studies. Each participant agreed that the most important goal was to ensure that the audit is of very high quality, and everything ought to converge towards this goal.
ITALIAN
Relazione bibliografica (Convegno): Vers quelle régulation de l’audit faut-il aller? (Come dovrebbe essere regolato l’audit ?)
Il 20 maggio 2011, si è tenuto a Parigi un convegno sulla questione di come dovrebbe essere regolato l’audit, organizzato da The Journal of Regulation, da l’Ecole de droit de la Sorbonne e KPMG France, partner privilegiato della rivista. I partecipanti erano Jean-Luc Decornoy, Nathalie de Basaldua, Alain Couret, Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Christine Thin, Stephen Haddrill, Claude Cazes, Etienne Wasmer e Mara Cameran. Le riflessioni e le discussioni si sono concentrate sul Libro Verde della Commissione europea sulla politica in materia di audit. L’ambizione del convegno era di studiare i nessi metodologici che devono costituire le linee guida dell’audit, tenendo conto della regolazione finanziare e della libera concorrenza. Il convegno mirava inoltre ad analizzare le possibili piste di una riforma dell’audit, sulla base anche di studi di tipo economico. Ogni partecipante ha sottolineato che lo scopo più importante era quello di assicurare un’attività di audit di grande qualità, e che tutti gli sforzi dovrebbero convergere verso tale scopo.
SPANISH
Informe bibliográfico (Simposio): ¿En qué dirección debe dirigirse la regulación?
El 20 de mayo del 2011 se llevó a cabo un coloquio en París sobre la cuestión de “Cómo debe regularse la auditoría?” organizado por The Journal of Regulation, l’école de droit de la Sorbonne y el KPMG France, uno de los asociados principales de esta publicación. Los participantes incluyen Jean-Luc Decornoy, Nathalie de Basaldua, Alain Couret, Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Christine Thin, Stephen Haddrill, Claude Cazes, Etienne Wasmer, and Mara Cameran. Las reflecciones y discusiones se centraron sobre el Papel Verde de la Comisión Europea sobre la política auditiva. La ambición de este coloquio era de discutir las conexiones metodológicas que deben guiar el futuro de la Auditoría, tanto en relación con la regulación de finanzas y la competencia, y también de analizar cuáles deben de ser las inspiraciones para la reforma de la auditoría, especialmente al usar los estudios económicos disponibles. Cada participante concertó que el objetivo más importante era de asegurar que la auditoría sea de alta calidad, y que todo ha de converger hacia este objetivo.
PORTUGUESE
Informe bibliográfico (Symposium): vers quelle régulation de l’audit faut-il aller ? Como deveria a auditoria ser regulada?
Em 20 de maio de 2011, um colóquio foi realizado em Paris sobre a questão Como deveria a auditoria ser regulada?, organizado por The Journal of Regulation, l’Ecole de droit de la Sorbonne, e KPMG France, um dos principais parceiros deste periódico. Os participantes foram Jean-Luc Decornoy, Nathalie de Basaldua, Alain Couret, Marie-Anne Frison-Roche, Christine Thin, Stephen Haddrill, Claude Cazes, Etienne Wasmer, e Mara Cameran. As reflexões e discussões surgiram a partir do Informe Verde sobre Política de Auditoria da Comissão Europeia. O propósito do colóquio foi discutir as ligações metodológicas que devem guiar o futuro da auditoria, ambos em relação com regulação financeira e concorrência, e também analizar quais deveriam ser as inspirações para a reforma da auditoria, especialmente usando os estudos econômicos disponíveis. Todos os participantes concordaram que o objetivo mais importante seria assegurar que a auditoria é de alta qualidade, e que tudo deve convergir para este objetivo.
Padrão contábil – Alternativa financeira – Auditoria – Mercado de auditoria – Falência – Big Four – Certificação – Colóquio – Concentração – Confiança – Conflito de interesses – Cooperação – Custo – Agência de notação – Operador crucial – Definição – Deontologia – Mercado desregulado – Eficiência – Europa – Mercado europeu de auditoria – Comissão Europeia – Especulação – Crise financeira – Mercado financeiro – Futuro – Mercado global – Objetivo – Informe Verde sobre auditoria – Incentivo – Independência – Informação – Informação assimétrica – Fórum de auditoria internacional – Itália – Auditoria conjunta – Responsabilidade – Gerente – Votação obrigatória – Mercado – Expectativas de mercado – Micro economia – Acaso moral – Opacidade – Opinião – Perímetro – Preço – Lucro – Bem público – Interesse público – Serviço público – Qualidade – Economia real – Informação do risco – Ceticismo – Responsabilidade social – Risco sistêmico – Raciocínio teleológico – Trust – Reino Unido – Estados Unidos da América.*
* Em The Journal of Regulation, estas palavras-chave são fornecidas pelo Editor e não pelo Autor.
Complete reference : Randall LUTTER, How Well Do Federal Regulations Actually Work? The Role of Retrospective Review, Mercatus Center, Working Paper - April 2012, 26 p.
On December 10, 2010, the Commission de Régulation de l’Energie (CRE – French Commission for Energy Regulation) and the Autorité des marches financiers (French Securities Regulator – the AMF) entered into a memorandum of understanding (the MoU). Cooperation between these two sector based regulators is, for the most part, set against the background of, and aims at, a better (or, rather, burgeoning) regulation of the market for CO2 emission allowances.
FRENCH
Fiche thématique (Finance, Environnement, Energie): Exécution d’un accord de coopération passé entre les régulateurs français de l’énergie et des marchés financiers concernant la régulation du marché des émissions de carbone.
Le 10 décembre 2010, la Commission de Régulation de l’Energie (CRE) ET L’Autorité des MarchésFinanciers (AMF) ont signé un accord de coopération. La coopération entre ces deux régulateurs sectoriels a lieu dans un cadre plus général de réflexion sur une meilleure, voire future, régulation du marché des permis d'émission de CO2, et vise plus particulièrement ce but
GERMAN
Thematischer Bericht (Finanz, Umwelt, Energie): Erfüllung eines Kooperationsvertrages zwischen den französischen Energie- und Finanzdienstleistungsaufsichtsbehörden bezüglich auf der Regulierung vom Emissionsrechtehandel.
Am 10. Dezember 2010 haben die the Commission de Régulation de l’Energie (CRE – die französische Energieregulierungsbehörde) und die Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF – die französische Finanzdienstleistungsaufsichtbehörde) eine Vereinbarung geschlossen. Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen beiden Behorden ist Teil einer breiteren Überlegung über eine bessere, sogar zukünftige Regulierung des Emissionsrechtehandels – und zielt besonders darauf.
SPANISH
Informe temático (Finanza, Ambiente, Energía): Ejecución de un acuerdo de cooperación entre los reguladores franceses de finanza y de energía en relación a la regulación del mercado para las cuetos de emisión de gas de carbono.
El 10 de diciembre del 2010, la Commission de Régulation de l’Energie (CRE- La Comisión francesa de la regulación de energía) y la Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF – La Autoridad francesa de los mercados financieros) entraron en un memorándum de entendimiento (MoU). La cooperación entre estos dos reguladores basados en sectores distintos, es, primordialmente, centrado sobre el trasfondo, o bien, tiene como objetivo, una mejor regulación del mercado para las cuotas de emisiones de CO2 y se centre en dos principios (…).
ITALIAN
Relazione tematica (Finanza, Ambiente, Energia): Adempimento di un accordo in materia di cooperazione concluso tra i regolatori francesi in materia di finanza e di energia in relazione alla regolazione del mercato in materia di quote di emissione di CO2
Il 10 Dicembre 2010, la Commission de Régulation de l’Energie (CRE – la Commissione francese in materia di energia) e la Autorité des marches financiers (l’organo francese di regolazione finanziaria – la AMF) hanno concluso un memorandum of understanding (un MoU-una serie di accordi preliminari). La cooperazione tra questi due settori in materia di regolazione finanziaria é, in gran parte, punta a una regolazione migliore (o piuttosto una regolazione maggiore) del mercato delle quote di emissioni di CO2 ed è basata sui seguenti principi.
PORTUGUESE
Informe Temático (Finanças, Meio ambiente, Energia): Execução de um acordo de cooperação firmado pelos reguladores franceses de finanças e energia acerca da regulação do mercado de quotas para emissão de CO2.
A Commission de Régulation de l’Energie (CRE – Comissão francesa de regulação energética) e a Autorité des marches financiers (AMF – Autoridade francesa dos mercados financeiros) firmaram um memorando de acordo no dia 10 de dezembro de 2010. A cooperação entre estes dois reguladores de setor é, em sua maior parte, estabelecida em resposta ao contexto e orientada para uma melhor (ou, mais precisamente, para a emergente) regulação do mercado de quotas para emissão de CO2.
2010年12月10日，Commission de Régulation de l’Energie（CRE-法国能源监管委员会）与Autorité des marches financiers(AMF-法国金融市场管理局)达成了一份谅解备忘录。基于两部门间的监管合作，在极大程度上共同致力于改善或完善二氧化碳排放市场的配额管制。
