The word "regulation" is fashionable, and so is what it is supposed to refer to; but the notion actually refers to many different situations, which can be a source of confusion. Of course, regulation is all about improving market functioning; but we also have to admit that the measures that regulation must take to accomplish this are not the same in situations where competition malfunctions, as opposed to situations where there is no competition at all.
But, there must be a preliminary agreement on the goals that regulation must pursue. Specifically, is competition an end in itself, or simply a way to best cause economic actors to unwittingly pursue the public good?
I venture to suggest that we cannot usefully speak about regulation without defining what it is intended to accomplish...
FRENCH
Article: deux régulation?
Le mot « régulation » est à la mode, comme ce qu’il est censé désigner ; mais la notion couvre, en fait, des situations très différentes, ce qui est source de confusion. Il s’agit, certes, de mieux faire fonctionner le marché ; mais on conçoit que les mesures à prendre ne soient pas les mêmes dans les cas où la concurrence fonctionne mal, par opposition à ceux où il n’y a pas de concurrence du tout. Encore faut-il au préalable s’entendre sur les objectifs poursuivis. Plus précisément, la concurrence est-elle une fin en soi, ou seulement un moyen de voir les acteurs économiques, sans le savoir, oeuvrer au mieux pour le bien public? J’oserai avancer qu’on ne peut traiter utilement de la régulation sans en connaître l’objet ...
GERMAN
Artikel: Zwei Regulierungen?
Das Wort "Regulierung" ist heutzutage modisch, sowie ist, was angeblich hinter dem Begriff steckt; Jetzt aber bezieht sich der Begriff auf viele verschiedenen Situationen, was zu gewisser Verwirrung fürhen kann. Zwar strebt Regulierung danach, das Funktionieren den Märkten zu verbessern. Aber wir müssen annehmen, dass die notwendigen Massnahmen nicht diesselbe sind, wenn der Wettbewerb nicht vollständig läuft, und wenn der Wettbewerb überhaupt nicht existiert. Ausserdem müssen wir uns über die Zielsetzung einigen. Und zwar, ist Wettbewerb ein Ziel an sich oder ist trägt er nur dazu bei, die Wirtschaftsakteure ungewiss dazu zu veranlassen, zum öffentlichen Allgemeingut beizutragen? Ich behaupte, dass man nicht nützlich über die Regulierung sprechen kann, ohne ihren Gegenstand zu kennen...
SPANISH
¿Dos regulaciones?
La palabra ‘regulación’ está de moda, tal como lo es a lo que se supone que se refiere; pero, de hecho, esta noción se refiere a varias situaciones, lo cual puede dar lugar a cierta confusión. Claro, la regulación se trata de mejorar el funcionamiento del mercado; pero también debemos admitir que las medidas que debe tomar la regulación para cumplir con esto no son las mismas en situaciones donde la competición sufre de un fallo, en contraste con situaciones en donde la competición ni existe.
De todas maneras, debe haber un acuerdo preliminar sobre los objetivos que la regulación debe de seguir. Específicamente, ¿es la competición un fin en sí mismo, o es simplemente una manera de causar que los actores económicos persigan inconcientemente la bien público?
Me atrevo a sugerir que no podemos hablar efectivamente sobre la regulación sin definir qué se supone que debe de lograr.
ITALIAN
Articolo : Due regolazioni ?
La parola « regolazione » é alla moda così come il suo contenuto. Tuttavia questa nozione si riferisce a molteplici situazioni e ciò può costituire fonte di confusione. Certo, la regolazione consiste nel migliorare il funzionamento del mercato, ma dobbiamo ammettere che i provvedimenti che la regolazione deve attuare al fine di raggiungere questo scopo, non sono gli stessi quando si è in presenza di distorsioni della libera concorrenza oppure quando, in altri contesti, la libera concorrenza non c'è. Pertanto, è necessario che vi sia un accordo unanime sugli obiettivi della regolazione. In particolare, la concorrenza è lo scopo, o semplicemente il mezzo per far in modo che gli operatori economici agiscano involontariamente a fini di bene pubblico? Direi che non possiamo parlare della regolazione senza definire i suoi obiettivi…
This article traces the development of the regulatory state in China through the case of coal mine safety and tries to find out the logic of regulatory state building in China as well as its fundamental dilemmas embodied during the process. Based on the change of the coal mine market and governmental agencies responsible for managing coal mines, the article divides the history of regulatory state building into three periods: one of totalitarian command control when production was priority; then under rapid marketization when profits became priority, government regulation began to take shape, and currently safety regulation has become the focus, the government resorts to merging and reorganization of coal mines. The track of regulatory state building embodies the following characteristics: firstly, regulatory reform lacks a clear strategy; secondly, admission control based on licensing is still the primary way of regulation; thirdly, the idea of social regulation, instead of economic regulation based on price and entrance regulation, has gradually appeared; fourthly, gradual reliance on local government on daily regulation; finally, coal mine workers did not have a say in the regulation to defend their own rights.
Artigo : O rumo e a lógica da construção do Estado Regulatório na China: estudo de caso da segurança de minas de carvão
Este artigo retraça o desenvolvimento do Estado Regulatório na China a partir do caso da segurança nas minas de carvão e procura identificar a lógica do Estado Regulatório na China, bem como os problemas fundamentais surgidos durante o processo. Baseado na mudança do mercado de minas de carvão e das agências governamentais responsáveis pela administração de minas de carvão, o artigo divide a história da construção do Estado Regulatório em três períodos: o primeiro de controle de comando totalitário, quando a produção era a prioridade; depois, sob rápida “mercadorização”, quando o lucro se tornou prioridade, a regulação de governo começou a desenhar-se; e atualmente o foco deslocou-se para a regulação de segurança, levando o governo a mesclar e reorganizar as minas de carvão. O rumo da construção do Estado Regulatório contém as seguintes características: em primeiro lugar, a reforma regulatória padece de uma estratégia clara; em segundo lugar, o controle de admissões baseado em demissões ainda é o modo preferido de regulação; em terceiro lugar, a ideia de regulação social, no lugar de regulação econômica baseada na regulação do preço e da entrada, aparace gradualmente; em quarto lugar, confiança gradual em governos locais para regulações quotidianas; finalmente, trabalhadores de minas de carvão não costumavam ter algo a dizer, em matéria de regulação, para defender seus próprios direitos. Palavras-chave: Estado Regulatório; Mina de carvão; mercado; governo.
SPANISH
Artículo: El rumbo y la lógica en la construcción del Estado Regulatoria de China: Un estudio de caso de la seguridad en las minas de carbón.
El artículo traza el desarrollo de del estado regulatorio en China a través de la seguridad de las minas y trata de encontrar la lógica de la construcción del estado chino al igual sus dilemas fundamentales que se permean el proceso. Basado en el cambio del mercado de las minas de carbón y la responsabilidad del manejo del carbón por las agencias gubernamentales, el artículo divide la historia del estado regulatorio en tres periodos: una de control totalitario cuando el énfasis era en la producción; después bajo una “mercaderización” acelerada las ganancias eran la prioridad, la regulación gubernamental comenzó a formarse y la regulación ha sido el enfoque, el gobierno se dedica a unir y reorganizar las minas de carbón. La trayectoria de construcción del estado regulatoria tiene las características siguientes: primero, la reforma regulatoria no posee una estrategia clara; segundo, el control de admisión es basado en la entrega de licencias permanece siendo la manera preferida de la regulación; tercero, la idea de la regulación social, en vez de la regulación económica basada en el precio y la regulación de entrada, ha emergido gradualmente; cuarto, una mayor dependencia sobre el gobierno local para las cuestiones de regulación diaria; y finalmente, los trabajadores de las minas de carbón no podían influenciar la regulación para defender sus propios derechos.
The European Regulation of 16 September 2009 implements a new regulatory framework for credit rating agencies, in order to restore investor and consumer confidence, enable the supervision and transparency of credit ratings, and avoid conflicts of interest.
On December 10, 2010, the Commission de Régulation de l’Energie (CRE – French Commission for Energy Regulation) and the Autorité des marches financiers (French Securities Regulator – the AMF) entered into a memorandum of understanding (the MoU). Cooperation between these two sector based regulators is, for the most part, set against the background of, and aims at, a better (or, rather, burgeoning) regulation of the market for CO2 emission allowances and is grounded in the following principles:
- both regulators undertake to transmit information necessary to fulfilling each other’s respective expanded legal mandate, i.e.:
o protecting investments made in CO2 emission allowances (e.g. by detecting and punishing market abuses, i.e. insider trading, market manipulations, dissemination of false information) for the AMF and;
o overseeing transactions made by market participants on the spot and derivatives markets for CO2 emission allowances to make sure that such transactions are in line with transactions made on the markets for electricity and natural gas for the CRE;
- such mutual information is to notably take the form of regular bilateral meetings at various levels and mutual information may now cover data that the AMF had to keep confidential due to strict legal privilege restrictions applicable to its officers.
The translated summaries are done by the Editors and not by the Authors.
ENGLISH
The European Commission’s initiatives towards a Single Market in energy, transport and electronic communications should aim to further regulatory transparency and not market homogenisation. The article provides a quantitative and qualitative assessment of indiscriminating homogenisation of the mobile telecommunications market. The potential impacts on market power and the loss of consumer welfare are by no means negligible and imply important policy considerations
FRENCH
Les initiatives de laCommission européenneen vue d’unmarché unique des communicationsde l’énergie,de transportet électroniquesdevraient viser àune plus grande transparenceréglementaireet non pas à l’homogénéisationdu marché.Le présent articlefournit une évaluation quantitativeet qualitative de l’homogénéisationinconsidérée du marché des télécommunicationsmobiles.Lesimpacts potentiels surle pouvoir de marchéet la perte debien-êtredes consommateursne sont nullementnégligeableset impliquentdes considérationspolitiques importantes.
On May 28, 2010, the {Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques et des postes} (ARCEP — French postal and telecommunications regulatory authority) published a report it ordered from WIK Consult, which details the tangible and intangible benefits accruing to {La Poste} (The French postal service) as a result of its universal service obligation, which are to be included in calculating compensation provided to the universal service provider for its universal service obligations, in application of the European Union’s Third Postal Directive liberalizing the postal market in the European Union. This report is critical in tone, but {La Poste} takes issue with its methodology and conclusions.
Full reference: Information Note From the European Commission to the Permanent Representatives Committee About the Progress on Combatting Hate Speech Online Through the EU Code of Conduct, Council of the European Union, 27th of September 2019, 7p.
