The Autorité de la régulation des communications électroniques et des postes (ARCEP — French Telecommunications and Posts Regulator) organized Le colloque sur la neutralité des réseaux [The Colloquium on Network Neutrality], which took place on April 13, 2010. Each actor uses the generality of the term ‘neutrality’ in an interpretation that best suits his opinions. However, neutrality means that there should be no discrimination between Internet users; however, it does not mean that they have the right to everything for free: because there has to be some sort of traffic and bandwidth management, consumer and copyright protection, it is necessary to strike a balance between these contradictory rights in order to allow the network to develop. Therefore, a regulator is necessary. The future development of the Internet depends upon it. For the moment, nobody knows who these legitimate regulators are, and how they would be able to regulate these competing forces, organize information transparency, and encourage long-term investment, while preserving competition at the same time.
FRENCH
L’Autorité de Régulation des Communications Electroniques et des Postes – ARCEP a organisé le 13 avril 2010 un colloque sur « La neutralité des réseaux » (Network neutrality).
L’Autorité de Régulation des Communications Electroniques et des Postes – ARCEP a organisé le 13 avril 2010 un colloque sur « La neutralité des réseaux » (Network neutrality).Le colloque sur la neutralité des réseaux qui s’est tenu le 13 avril 2010 à l’Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques et des postes (ARCEP) présente la question de la neutralité des réseaux au travers de quatre questions : quelles sont les problématiques liées au principe de neutralité des réseaux ? Comment gérer les questions de gestion du trafic, de tarification et de partage de la valeur ? Comment articuler accès aux contenus et aux services et protection des droits des consommateurs ? Quels sont les besoins de régulation sur l’Internet ? Ces questions sont l’occasion pour l’ensemble des acteurs de l’Internet de s’exprimer et de présenter ainsi l’idée fondamentale qui soutient les évolutions de la régulation de l’Internet : l’obligation de non discrimination. Une pleine compréhension de cette idée implique une transparence accrue de l’information, afin que les problématiques techniques auxquelles Internet est confronté ne soient pas l’occasion d’une distorsion de l’offre aux consommateurs.
GERMAN
Die Autorité de Régulation des Communications Electroniques et des Postes (ARCEP - die französische Post- und Telekommunikationsaufischtsbehörde) hat am 13. april 2010 ein Symposium über die Frage der Netzneutralität organisiert.
Die Autorité de Régulation des Communications Electroniques et des Postes (ARCEP - die französische Post- und Telekommunikationsaufsichtsbehörde) hat am 13. April 2010 ein Symposium über die Netzneutralität organisiert. Bei dieser Gelegenheit wurden vier Themen ausführlich diskutiert: welche sind die Problemen, die aus dieser Prinzip der Netzneutralität entstehen. Wie können den Verkehr-, Tarifgestaltung- sowie Wertteilungsfragen verwaltet werden? Wie liegt den Ausgleich zwischen Schutz der Verbraucher und Zugang zu den Inhalte und Diensten? Was braucht die Regulierung des Internets? Dank der Erforschung diesen Fragen von verschiedenen Aktoren des Internets kann die Hauptidee hinter der Regulierung des Internets im vordegrund entstehen: das Prinzip der Diskriminierungslosigkeit. Dieses Prinzip bedeutet, dass die Information immer mehr transparent wird, damit die technische Bedigungen des Internets dazu nicht führen, die Angebot zu verzerren.
SPANISH
La «Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques et des Postes » (ARCEP— el regulador francés de telecomunicaciones y servicios postales) organizó un coloquio, el 13 de abril del 2010 sobre “La neutralité des réseaux » (la neutralidad de la red).
La Autorité de la régulation des communications électroniques et des postes (ARCEP — el regulador francés de telecomunicaciones y servicios postales) organizó Le colloque sur la neutralité des réseaux (el Coloquio sobre la neutralidad de la red), que fue llevado a cabo el 13 de abril del 2010. Cada actor generalmente utiliza el término “neutralidad” de la forma que más le convenga. No obstante, la neutralidad significa que no se debería discriminar entre los usuarios del Internet; pero esto no quiere decir que todos tengan el derecho a servicios gratuitos: precisamente porque se debe tener un manejo del tráfico y del ancho de banda, una protección del consumidor y del derecho de reproducción, es importante poder establecer un equilibrio entre estos derechos contradictorios para fomentar el desarrollo de la red. Evidentemente, es necesario introducir el elemento del regulador. El desarrollo futuro del Internet depende de nosotros. Por el momento, nadie sabe quiénes son estos reguladores legítimos y cómo podrían regular estas fuerzas oponentes, organizar la transparencia de la información y fomentar la inversión a largo plazo… y al mismo tiempo preservar la concurrencia.
Provisions of the financial reform bill (Dodd Bill) currently being examined by the United States Congress would empower the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) to implement limits on speculation on energy futures and derivatives, as well as to impose a much stricter declaratory and supervision regime for over-the-counter trades in futures and derivatives in general.
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers - ICANN, private regulator of Internet domain names, had a few months ago, embowed its depleted alphabet to letters with accents to closer to natural language domain names. A jump is crossed. On 13 June, 2012, the ICANN has published the list of the first private applications for the allocation of new generic extensions, does not corresponding to countries (.fr for France) or a typology (edu for Education), but to specific entities, including institutions or companies. The filing cost $ 185,000. 1930 claims have already been filed. Thus, some of the names are closely contested: for example "app", which evokes both "apple" and "application", was immediately requested by several companies.
ENGLISH On July 21th 2010 was signed into law by President Obama United State’s most important legislative change to financial supervision since the 1930’s : the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. This paper suggests that the Dodd-Frank Act, notwithstanding certain flaws, reflects what the neo-realistic definition of Regulation has been proposing in regards to post-crisis reregulation. Inter alia, it takes into account markets interconnectedness, complexity and deregulation. As regulatory law suggests to do, the Act reconciles microeconomic and macroeconomic supervision as well as regulatory and prudential rules, and resorts to certain regulatory tools in order to achieve certain regulatory goals. More specifically, it revives four regulatory imperatives: oversight and systemic risk prevention, investor protection, transparency/information and prudential measures.
FRENCH Le 21 Juillet 2010, le Président Obama a, par sa signature, rendu effectif le plus important changement législatif dans le domaine de la supervision financière aux Etats-Unis depuis les années 1930: la loi Dodd-Frank pour la reforme de Wall Street et la protection du consommateur. Cet article soutient que la loi Dodd-Frank, en dépit de certaines failles, reflète ce que la définition néo-réaliste de la régulation a pu apporter au regard du mouvement de re-régulation qui a suivi la crise. Entre autres, elle prend en compte l’interconnectivité des marches, la complexité et la derégulation. Ainsi que le suggère le droit de la régulation, cette loi réconcilie les supervisions micro- et macroéconomiques, ainsi que les règles régulatoires et prudentielles, et se sert de certains outils de la régulation pour atteindre certains objectifs régulatoires. Plus particulièrement, elle ravive quatre impératifs de la régulation: la prévention systémique et la supervision, la protection de l investisseur, la transparence / l’information et les mesures prudentielles.
GERMAN Am 21. Juli 2010 hat der Präsident Obama ein Gesetz unterschrieben, und dadurch die wichtigste gesetzliche Reform der finanzielle Aufsicht seit der 30er eingeführt Das Dodd-Frank Gesetz für die Reform Wall Streets und Verbraucherschutz. Dieser Artikel zeigt, dass, trotz einigen Mangeln, das Dodd-Frank Gesetz das, was die neo-realistische Definition der Regulierung zur post-Krise Wiederregulierung mitgebracht hat, illustriert. Unter anderem, es berücksichtigt die Marktvernetzung, die Komplexität und Entregulierung. Im Gesetz wurdenMikro- und Makroaufsicht, sowie regulatorische und Aufsichtsregeln wiedereinigt. Ausserdem berührt das Gesetz auch auf regulatorischen Instrumenten, um regulatorische Ziele zu erfüllen. Es nimmt vier regulatorische Imperative wieder auf: Die systematische Prävention und Aufsicht, den Investorschutz, die Transparenz/Information und prudentielle Maßnahmen.
SPANISH La reforma Dodd-Frank Wall Street y el Acta de protección al consumidor: ¿llenará este Acta todos los requisitos de la regulación?
El 20 de julio del 2010 el Presidente Obama firmó la ley del cambio legislativo más importante de los EEUU desde los años 30: la Reforma Dodd-Frank Wall Street y el Acta de protección consumidor. Este informe sugiere que el Acta Dodd-Frank, no obstante algunos defectos, refleja lo que la definición neo-realística de la Regulación ha estado proponiendo en cuanto a la “re-regulación” post crisis económica. Entre otros, toma en cuanto la naturaleza interconectada de los mercados, la complejidad y la desregulación. Como lo sugiere la ley regulatoria, el Acta reconcilia la supervisión micro y macroeconómica tanto como las reglas regulatorias y prudenciales, y recurre a ciertos instrumentos regulatorios para poder alcanzar ciertas metas regulatorias. Más específicamente, revive cuatro imperativos regulatorios: la prevención de descuidos y riesgos sistemáticos, protección al inversor, transparencia/información y medidas prudenciales.
ITALIAN
Articolo: La riforma Dodd-Franck Wall Street ed il Consumer Act:
Il 21 luglio 2010, il Presidente degli Stati Uniti, Barack Obama, ha firmato la più importante riforma dagli anni ‘30 della supervisione finanziaria: il Dodd-Franck Wall Street ed il Consumer Protection Act. L’analisi di questo articolo tende a dimostrare che il Dodd-Franck Act, nonostante qualche difetto, riprende la definizione neo-realistica della regolazione finanziaria in materia di regolazione delle situazioni post-crisi. Tra l’altro, prende in considerazione l’interconnessione dei mercati, la loro complessità e la deregolamentazione. In linea con le leggi in materia di regolazione, la legge in questione riconcilia una supervisione microeconomica e macroeconomica, le regole prudenziali e di regolazione, e fa appello ad alcuni strumenti propri alla regolazione finanziaria per raggiungere un fine di regolazione. In modo più accurato, questa legge ridà nuova vita agli imperativi propri della regolazione finanziaria: controllo e prevenzione del rischio sistemico, protezione degli investitori, provvedimenti prudenziali e in materia di informazione e trasparenza.
PORTUGUESE A reforma Dodd-Frank Wall Street e a Lei de proteção ao consumidor: pode uma lei preencher todos os requisitos da regulação?
Em 20 de julho de 2010, o Presidente Obama sancionou a mais importante inovação legislativa nos Estados Unidos desde os anos 1930: a lei Dodd-Frank relativa à reforma de Wall Street e à proteção do consumidor. Este artigo defende que esta lei, a despeito de certas falhas, reflete aquilo que a definição neo-realista da regulação pôde trazer ao movimento de re-regulação que se afirmou depois da crise. Entre outros, ela leva em consideração a interconectividade dos mercados, a complexidade e a desregulação. Tal como sugere o direito da regulação, esta lei reconcilia as supervisões micro- e macroeconômicas, bem como as regras regulatórias e de prudência, e se vale de algumas ferramentas da regulação para atingir determinados objetivos regulatórios. Mais especificamente, ela reanima quatro imperativos da regulação: a prevenção sistêmica e a supervisão, a proteção do investidor, a transparência / informação e as medidas de prudência.
In Morocco, after months of adjustments to bring together stakeholders, a draft law has been prepared and introduced in the Council of Ministers the end of May 2012. The Département des assurances du ministère (Insurance Department) will then give way to an independent regulator, the Autorité de Contrôle des Assurances et de la Prévoyance Sociale - ACAPS (Supervisory Authority of Insurance and Social Welfare). Independent of the Executive, the regulator is financed by a tax on insurers and the administrative fines which it imposes. It is composed of two bodies. The first determines the general policy of the Authority, fixes the financial contribution due from insurers, approves staff plan, grants licences to insurers. The second, sets up by the President, draws up the annual budget, and adopts the agenda of the meetings and the decisions of sanctions. The Board of discipline certainly presided by a magistrate of the Cour de cassation (Civil Supreme Court), only provides an advisory opinion to the President of the Authority on proposed sanctions.
In The Journal of Regulation the summaries’ translation are done by the Editors and not by the authors
ENGLISH :
In order to establish a competitive energy market, the distribution infrastructure, as a monopolistic segment of energy networks, should be demonopolized. Instruments of economic regulation, which are often attributed ex ante character, are put in place to open the market and enable competitive forces. Unbundling is specific for it may also represent an ex post measure of a structural nature, exerted by competition protection authorities.
FRENCH
Afin d’établirun marché énergétiquecompétitif,l’infrastructure de distribution,en tant qu’il est un segmentmonopolistiquedes réseaux d’énergie,devrait êtrelibéralisé.Les instruments derégulation économique, quisont souvent attribués d’une façonex ante,sont mises en placepour ouvrir le marchéet rendent possibles les forces concurrentielles.Le dégroupage estspécifique,car il peutaussi représenterune mesure ex postde nature structurelle,exercée parles autorités de protectionde la concurrence.
ITALIAN
Per costruire un mercato concorrenziale dell’energia, le infrastrutture di distribuzione, in quanto segmento monopolistico delle reti di energia, dovrebbero essere liberalizzate. A tal fine, sono applicati dei meccanismi di regolazione economica, spesso previsti ex ante, per aprire il mercato e permettere le forze concorrenziali. L’unbundling è particolare, in quanto potrebbe anche costituire un provvedimento ex post di natura strutturale, utilizzato dalle autorità di tutela della libera concorrenza.
The American Congress is currently examining a bill aiming at restricting online tracking – the Do-Not-Track-Me-Online Act. It should introduce an obligation for any online-tracking firm to allow citizens to opt-out of tracking.
SPANISH
Informe temático (data personal): Decreto para restringir el rastreo electrónico actualmente pendiente ante el Congreso americano.
El Congreso americano está actualmente examinando un decreto que tiene como objetivo restringir el rastreo sobre la red – el “Do-Not-Track-Me-Online Act.” Esto debe introducir una obligación para cualquier empresa de rastreo electrónico de permitir que los ciudadanos se excluya de tal rastreo.
PORTUGUESE
Informe temático (dados pessoais): Projeto para restringir o rastreio eletrônico atualmente pendente no Congresso dos Estados Unidos da América.
O Congresso dos Estados Unidos da América está atualmente examinando um projeto de lei que tem como objetivo restringir o rastreio sobre a rede virtual – o chamado “Do-Not-Track-Me-Online Act”. Isto deve obrigar toda empresa de rastreio eletrônico a permitir que os cidadãos escolham excluir-se de tal rastreio.
Relazione tematica (Dati personali): Una riforma per ridurre il rilevamento delle connessioni online è in discussione dinanzi al Parlamento americano.
Il Parlamento americano sta esaminando una proposta di riforma che punta a ridurre il rilevamento delle connessioni online – il Do Not Track Me OnlineAct (legge denominata “non seguirmi quando sono online”). Tale legge dovrebbe introdurre l’obbligo per ogni società che permette il rilevamento delle connessioni, di dare la possibilità ai cittadini di rifiutare tale tipo di controllo.
It is true the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council follows a consultation conducted for several years by the European Commission on the subject of Social Responsibility. Whatever might have said the "stakeholders", the Directive contains the same lines tham the European Commission Communication of 13 April 2011, adopted on 25 October 2011 on the topic.
It is difficult today to oppose "Hard Law" and "Soft Law": Law hardens gradually. Thus, from the "communication", we went to the "resolutions", whose status remains uncertain, both a communication firmer but less binding than a law, since resolution is only for its author ... Thus Parliament in its resolutions of 6 February 2013 'resolved' to design an "inclusive" vision of the corporate action, to dance together profitability and social justice. To get by, it must suffice to say that the Social Responsibility Company is "multidimensional" ... Guidelines of the European Commission (non-binding) will explicit. Wait and see.
Following a series of obligations on information that companies must make available "to the public and authorities." Thus, companies must do the work instead of public authorities themselves. The provisions relating to non-financial information are mandatory and standardized. They are particularly demanding on the environment.
But when the text provides more substantial obligations, such as making the activity business less polluting, the Directive simply ask the member states to encourage companies to adopt "best practices" in the field. The market itself is incitative, in particular for making boards of large corporations more diverses. Because the principle is the belief that "investor access to non-financial information is a step towards achieving the goal of effective .... Europe in the use of resources," in a regulatory context of a "smart, sustainable and inclusive" growth".
Cost orientation can be seen as a natural obligation in cases involving access to an essential facility held by an incumbent operator, such operator having generally inherited a facility developed over decades (not to say centuries) by the State (and therefore financed by tax payers) and having enjoyed a long period of legal monopoly before the opening of its market to competition. This has been the case in a number of sectors, such as energy, transportation, and of course telecommunications.
SPANISH
Artículo: Asegurando una efectiva orientación de costes: El enfoque de Ofcom en las repagas de sobrecargos.
La orientación de costes puede verse como una obligación natural en casos involucrando el acceso a una facilidad esencial perteneciendo a un operador dominante, tal operado habiendo generalmente heredado una facilidad desarrollada a lo largo de algunas décadas (o quizá siglos) por el Estado (y por lo tanto financiado por pagadores de impuestos) y habiendo gozado de un largo periodo como monopolio antes del abrimiento del respectivo mercado a la competencia. Esto ha sido el caso en una multitud de sectores, como el de energía, transporte y, por supuesto, telecomunicaciones.
In The Journal of Regulation the summaries’ translation are done by the Editors and not by the authors
ENGLISH
Thematic Report (Energy): The French energy regulator publishes its first unfavorable opinion regarding the government’s proposed natural gas tariffs for residential customers.
The Commission de Régulation de l’Energie (CRE — French energy regulator) published an opinion “regarding the draft executive order regarding the regulated tariffs for natural gas publicly distributed by GDF Suez.” This non-binding opinion was published on September 29, 2011, and claims that it is not acceptable for the Government to leave natural gas prices unchanged because these prices do not cover GDF Suez’s costs and symmetrically prevent newcomers from competing with it.
ITALIAN
Relazione tematica (Energia): L’autorità di regolazione francese nel settore dell’energia ha reso pubblica il suo primo parere sfavorevole a proposito delle tariffe del gaz proposte dal governo per le utenze residenziali
La Commission de Régulation de l’Energie (CRE – l’autorità francese di regolazione nel settore dell’energia) ha reso pubblico un parare « riguardante la bozza di proposte di tariffe per il gaz naturale distribuito da GDF Suez ». Questo parere non vincolante è stato pubblicato il 29 settembre 2011 e afferma che non è possibile per il Governo di lasciare immutati i prezzi del gas naturale poiché questi prezzi non coprono i costi di GDF Suez e, al contempo, impedisce ai nuovi operatori di competere con tali costi.
